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Title: Hungarian grammar

Author: Charles Arthur Ginever

Ilona De Györy Ginever

Release date: August 24, 2025 [eBook #76725]

Language: English

Credits: Jonathan Ingram and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR ***

HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR

TRÜBNER’S SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS OF

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HUNGARIAN

GRAMMAR

BY

C. ARTHUR AND ILONA GINEVER

LONDON

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO. LTD

DRYDEN HOUSE, GERRARD STREET, W.

1909

The rights of translation and of reproduction are reserved

Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.

At the Ballantyne Press, Edinburgh

PREFACE

Many people are under the wrong impression that Hungarian is a difficult language to learn. It is true that it is quite unrelated to any other European language, save the Finnish, being of oriental origin, and brought with them by the invading Hungarians into the country now known as Hungary, towards the end of the ninth century A.D.

Though the vocabulary, accordingly, may at first wear an air of strangeness, this strangeness does not mean difficulty, and we venture to say that Hungarian is easier for an English student than French or German. The most striking characteristics of the language are its use of suffixes, where in English pronouns and prepositions are employed, and the law of harmony prevailing between the vowel-sounds of a word and those of its suffixes.

When once these rules, and a few relating to the verb, are grasped, Hungarian will be found to present no great difficulty, and the impression that it is a hard language to learn must be regarded as due to the bad and complicated exposition usually met with in grammars designed to teach Hungarian.

A student who thoroughly masters this short and simple grammar will be well on the way to speaking and reading Hungarian, and to unlocking for himself the golden stores of Hungarian prose and poetry.

In the hope that this book may prove serviceable to any one visiting Hungary, we have added a vocabulary and a number of phrases in common use.

C. ARTHUR GINEVER.

ILONA GINEVER

(née DE GYŐRY, OF BUDAPEST).

ST. LADISLAS, CASTLE AVENUE,

DOVER.

CONTENTS

CHAP.

PAGE

I.

T HE ALPHABET

1

II.

T HE ARTICLE

4

III.

T HE NOUN

7

IV.

P ERSONAL SUFFIXES

18

V.

S UFFIXES FOR PLACE, DIRECTION, &C.

22

VI.

P OSTPOSITIONS

26

VII.

T HE ADJECTIVE

30

VIII.

T HE PRONOUN

37

IX.

T HE VERB

43

X.

T HE ADVERB

62

XI.

C ONJUNCTIONS

66

XII.

I NTERJECTIONS

68

XIII.

G ENDER

70

XIV.

E TYMOLOGY

72

XV.

S YNTAX

75

XVI.

D AYS, MONTHS, AND SEASONS

77

XVII.

M ONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES

78

XVIII.

P HRASES

79

H UNGARIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

88

E NGLISH-HUNGARIAN VOCABULARY

91

HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR

CHAPTER I

THE ALPHABET

VOWELS.

There are in Hungarian fourteen distinct vowel characters:— a, á; e, é; i, í; o, ó, ö, ő; u, ú, ü, ű.

They are pronounced:—

a

as

o

in

rod,

e.g.

fal ,

a wall

á

”

a

”

far

”

vár ,

a castle

e[1]

”

a

”

man

”

kerek ,

round

é

”

a

”

pale

”

pénz ,

money

i

”

i

”

piqué

”

piros ,

red

í

”

ee

”

bee

”

ív ,

an arch

o

”

o

”

fort

”

bor ,

wine

ó

”

o

”

roll

”

ló ,

a horse

ö

”

French eu

”

neuf

”

föld ,

earth

ő

”

u

”

fur

}

”

bőr ,

skin

or French œu

”

sœur

}

u

”

u

”

bull

”

futni ,

to run

ú

”

oo

”

pool

”

rút ,

ugly

ü

”

French u

”

une

”

fül ,

ear

ű

”

”       ue

”

morue

”

tűz ,

fire

a, e, i, o, ö, u, ü are short vowels.

á, é, í, ó, ő, ú, ű are long vowels.

There are no Diphthongs.

Vowels are also divided into:—

- (a) Flats: a, á, o, ó, u, ú;

- (b) Sharps: e, ö, ő, ü, ű; and

- (c) Mediates: é, i, í.

Flats and Sharps never occur in the same word, and according as the vowels are of one or the other class the words are said to be sharp or flat, and only take suffixes of their respective class.

kalap  (hat),

pl.

kalapok .

kert  (garden),

”

kertek .

Note.—This rule does not prevent the formation of compound substantives of heterogeneous words, and applies only to etymological derivatives. For example, selyemruha is a compound of selyem (silk), and ruha (a dress).

The Mediates may be found in the same word along with either flat or sharp vowels. Such words are called mixed, and take suffixes of either class.

piros  (red),

pl.

pirosak .

hideg  (cold),

”

hidegek .

CONSONANTS.

The simple consonants are: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, z.

c

(or cz )

is pronounced like

ts

in

its,

e.g.

citrom ,

a lemon

g

(hard)

”       ”       ”

g

”

go

”

galamb ,

a dove

j

(soft)

”       ”       ”

y

”

you

”

jó ,

good

s

”       ”       ”

sh

”

shoe

”

sas ,

an eagle

h  is always aspirated

”

három ,

three

r  is harder than in English, and is always vibrated, whether preceded or followed by a vowel

}

”

róka ,

a fox

}

”

ár ,

price

The others are pronounced as in English.

The compound consonants are: cs, ds, gy, ly, ny, sz, ty, zs.

They are pronounced as follows:—

cs

as

ch

in

church,

e.g.

csirke ,

a chicken

ds

”

j

”

joke

”

findsa ,

a cup

gy

”

d

”

dew

”

gyöngy ,

a pearl

ly

”

y

”

you

”

ilyen ,

such

ny

”

n

”

new

”

nyúl ,

a hare

sz

”

s

”

so

”

szabó ,

a tailor

ty

”

t

”

tune

”

tyúk ,

a hen

zs

”

z

”

azure

}

”

zsir ,

lard

or French j  in je

}

These compound consonants must be looked upon as single letters, each representing a single and distinct sound or articulation, and cannot be divided in spelling or pronunciation.

If in a word the sound of a compound consonant is heard with greater stress, that is, where these letters are to be written doubly, they are thus abbreviated:—

- For cscs, ccs; for gygy, ggy; &c.

But if these consonants meet only through the use of suffixes or the formation of compound words, they must be written out in full. Also, when a word is broken off at the end of a line, the missing letter is to be replaced.

- asszony (woman) is divided thus: asz-szony.

The Hungarian language has no mute letters. Every character is to be pronounced distinctly and in full, always retaining the same sound, and each word has as many syllables as it contains vowels.

fiaim

has

three

syllables,

and is pronounced

fi-a-im .

leányaié

”

five

”

”             ”

le-ány-a-i-é .

The emphasis always rests on the first syllable.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] This e is sometimes pronounced like e in men, especially in the case of words in which it occurs several times; e.g. engedelmes (pronounced angedalmash).

CHAPTER II

THE ARTICLE

The Definite Article is a or az.

- a is used before words beginning with a consonant.

- az is used before words beginning with a vowel.

Whenever any definite object is referred to the definite article is used.

a fiú , the boy;

az alma , the apple.

The definite article is used in many cases where it would not be used in English; for example, even after a demonstrative adjective, or where a pronoun precedes the noun.

ez  az alma;

az én fiam.

(this apple;)

(my son.)

jobban

szeretem

a selymet

mint

a vásznat.

(better

do I like

silk

than

linen.)

In such cases the article must not be translated into English.

N.B.—The definite article az must not be confused with the demonstrative adjective az, that. The article, when accompanying the demonstrative adjective, follows it: e.g. az az ember, that man; az a madár, that bird.

The names of persons, towns, countries, months, and days do not take the article.

Károly ,

Charles

Magyarország ,

Hungary

Európa ,

Europe

Berlin ,

Berlin

január,[2]

January

hétfő,[2]

Monday

The names of mountains, rivers, and lakes take the article.

a Duna ,

the Danube

a Balaton ,

Lake Balaton

a Kárpátok ,

the Carpathians

a Gellérthegy ,

Gellért hill

magyarországi ,

Hungarian

angol ,

English

berlini ,

belonging to Berlin

német ,

German

Similarly,

egy angol ,

an Englishman

egy német ,

a German

The Indefinite Article is egy, which is also the numeral, one.

The indefinite article is much less frequently used in Hungarian than in English. It is not necessary to use egy before a noun if spoken of in general terms only.

embert láttam , I saw (or have seen) a man.

almát ettem , I have eaten an apple.

egy must never be used before an adjective or noun used as a predicate. Thus—

Szent István király volt , St. Stephen was a king.

A sas madár , the eagle (is) a bird.

József jó fiú , Joseph (is) a good boy.

egy should be used in cases where its meaning is that of “a certain.”

volt egyszer egy ember aki, stb. , there was once a man who, &c.

egy is used when stress is laid on the singleness of the object.

csak egy embert láttam , I saw only one man.

egy almát ettem , I have eaten one apple.

The article is not inflected for number, gender, or case.

az ember ,

az emberek ,

az embernek ,

az embereknek .

(the man)

(the men)

(to the man)

(to the men).

EXERCISE I.

A piros virág. Az atya ir. A szép asszony. Ez a fiú. Ez a nagy ház. A jó emberek. Kutyát láttam. Csak egy kutyát láttam. Az az alma.

The swift horse. That brave man. I have eaten only one plum. I saw a beautiful garden. The mother is gentle. Roses are beautiful flowers.

virág ,

flower

atya ,

father

ir ,

writes

szép ,

beautiful

nagy ,

great

ház ,

house

gyors ,

swift

bátor ,

brave

csak ,

only

kutya ,

dog

láttam ,

I saw (or have seen)

anya ,

mother

rózsa ,

rose

magas ,

high

szelid ,

gentle

szilva ,

plum

FOOTNOTES:

[2] The names of months and days all begin with small letters. So do the names of towns and countries when used as adjectives.

CHAPTER III

THE NOUN

Number, Case, and Person are expressed by means of Suffixes.

There are also suffixes to express place and direction.

These suffixes are joined to the root, which sometimes undergoes orthographical changes.

Place and direction are also indicated by means of postpositions, which, like the suffixes mentioned above, are equivalent to the prepositions of English grammar, but which, as their name indicates, follow the noun instead of preceding it.

Postpositions only differ from the suffixes which also indicate place and direction by being separate from the noun.

NUMBER.

Rule.—The plural is formed by adding -k to nouns ending with a vowel, or -ak, -ok, -ek, or -ök to nouns ending with a consonant.

rigó

(thrush),

plural

rigók

ház

(house),

”

házak

kert

(garden),

”

kertek

a and e at the end of a noun become lengthened in the plural.

fa

(tree),

pl.

fák

eke

(plough),

pl.

ekék

Nouns ending with a consonant preceded by á or é shorten these vowels in the plural, except those ending in -ság, -ség, -ás, or -és, and a few monosyllabic nouns.

madár

(bird),

plural

madarak

kerék

(wheel)

”

kerekek

But,

ritkaság

(rarity)

”

ritkaságok

szépség

(beauty)

”

szépségek

vágás

(a stroke)

”

vágások

vetés

(a crop)

”

vetések

If the final consonants of the last two syllables in polysyllabic nouns would admit of an easy pronunciation without the intervention of a vowel, the vowel of the last syllable is generally dropped in the plural. This contraction mostly takes place when the consonants m-r, k-r, k-l, or reversed, r-m, r-k, and l-k meet.

lélek

(soul),

plural

lelkek

ökör

(bull)

”

ökrök

járom

(yoke)

”

jármok

The following monosyllabic nouns ending with a vowel take v in the plural; some of them at the same time shorten their vowel:—

kő

(stone),

plural

kövek

lé

(juice)

”

levek

ló

(horse)

”

lovak

fű

(grass)

”

füvek

cső

(tube)

”

csövek

tó

(lake)

”

tavak

tő

(stem)

”

tövek

hó

(snow)

”

havak

mű

(work of art)

”

művek

szó

(word)

”

{

szavak

(consecutive words)

{

szók

(disconnected words)

NOTE.—Nouns are always used in the singular when preceded by a numeral or any other word expressing quantity, and take the verb in the singular.

- két ember (two men); sok fa (many trees).

- három ember van a kertben, three men are in the garden.

Many nouns in Hungarian are used in the singular which are in English used in the plural; for example, the names of the various parts of the human body, and of articles of clothing, which occur in pairs—eyes, hands, gloves, boots, &c.

- Szép szeme van, she has pretty eyes (literally, a pretty eye).

- Fázik a kezem, my hands are cold (literally, my hand is cold).

- Keztyűt, czipőt, vettem, I have bought gloves, shoes (literally, glove, shoe).

If one desires to say exactly the quantity bought, one may say, egy pár keztyűt, két pár keztyűt, &c., but if the quantity is not mentioned, it is sufficient to use the singular accusative, as in the above example. If the plural were used it would mean many pairs, and it would then be better to say how many.

It may be well here to point out how such a notion as “a pair of,” “a cup of,” “a pound of,” is expressed in Hungarian. The English “of” has no equivalent in Hungarian.

A pair of shoes

=

egy pár czipő  (lit. a pair shoe).

A cup of coffee

=

egy csésze kávé  (lit. a cup coffee).

A bottle of wine

=

egy üveg bor .

A kilogram of apples

=

egy kilogramm alma  (lit. a kilogram apple).

In such cases, if the accusative case has to be used, it is only the second of the two nouns that takes the accusative ending -t (see below).

I have bought a bottle of wine

=

vettem egy üveg bor-t .

Collective nouns are used in the plural when several lots or quantities of the same genus are referred to, but in all other cases they are used in the singular. In Hungarian all generic names are collective nouns, as, for instance, the names of fruits, corn, vegetables, minerals, &c., and stand in the singular.

- alma, apple or apples.

- buza, wheat.

- borsó, a pea or peas.

- egy font alma, a pound of apples; szeretem az almát, I like apples.

- két itcze borsó, two quarts of peas; borsót vettem, I have bought some peas.

But,

a magyar

buzá -k

jobbak

mint

az oroszok .

Hungarian

wheats

(are)

better

than

Russian.

EXERCISE II.

A házak magasak és a kertek nagyok. A rigók madarak. A vetések zöldek. Az ökrök erősek. A tavak kékek. A hó fehér és hideg. A ló és a kutya házi állatok. A kertben sok szép virág van. Az emberek a kertben vannak.

Apples and pears are pleasant fruits. The dog and the cat are domestic animals. Many strong horses are in the stable. Three beautiful trees are in the garden. Dogs are faithful friends.

zöld ,

green

erős ,

strong

kék ,

blue

fehér ,

white

házi ,

domestic

állat ,

animal

-ben, -ban ,

in

körte ,

pear

van ,

is

vannak ,

are

kellemes ,

pleasant

gyümölcs ,

fruit

macska ,

cat

istálló ,

stable

hű ,

faithful

barát ,

friend

CASES OF THE NOUN.

There are four cases:—Nominative, Genitive or Possessive, Dative and Accusative.

The Nominative is the subject of the verb and is the simple word.

THE GENITIVE.

Two different suffixes are used to indicate the genitive or possessive case.

(1) When the names of the possessor and the thing possessed are both mentioned the name of the possessor takes the suffix -nak for flat-sounding words and -nek for sharp-sounding words to indicate the possessive case.

At the same time the name of the thing possessed takes the personal suffix -a, -e or -ja, -je (see Chapter IV.).

- Péter-nek kert-je, Peter’s garden.

- Péter-nek a kert-je szép, Peter’s garden is beautiful.

The genitive with -nak, -nek, stands in an adjectival relation to the thing possessed. In Péternek kertje, Péternek is the attribute to kertje.

This construction, while grammatically correct, is somewhat cumbersome, and as a rule, when the possessive stands only as attribute to its object, it is not inflected, as the object is already inflected with the personal suffix, which expresses amply the relation between possessor and thing possessed.

Thus, Péter kert-je is more usual than Péter-nek kert-je; in fact, this construction is almost invariably employed.

- az ember kabát-ja, the man’s coat.

Note.—When several substantives occur in succession, and all except the first and last are both possessors and things possessed, while all the things possessed take the personal suffix, only the last possessor takes the genitive suffix, which must never be omitted.

- A fa lomb-ja szin-é-nek szépség-e. The beauty of the colour of the foliage of the tree.

VAN. VANNAK.

The Hungarian has no word corresponding to the English verb “to have,” but expresses possession by the possessive case with the verb van, “is,” or other parts of the verb lenni, “to be.”

- Péter-nek van ház-a, Peter has a house (literally, there is a house of Peter’s).

- Péter-nek vannak ház-ai, Peter has houses (literally, there are houses of Peter’s).

The form of the possessive with the verb van is called its subjective form, and is always to be translated into English by the nominative and the verb “to have.” With this construction, -nek or -nak must never be omitted if the name of the possessor is mentioned, while the thing possessed must always take the personal ending.

Note.—The name of the possessor is not always mentioned, the personal ending, or the context, being sufficient to show who the possessor is.

- Tavasszal sok virág-unk lesz. We shall have many flowers in the spring.

- Atyám örült, mert az ősszel sok gyümölcs-e volt. My father was glad, because he had abundant fruit in the autumn.

In this latter sentence neki is understood, but need not be expressed.

The other form, where it governs its object directly, that is, without van, is called its attributive form, and is to be rendered in English by the possessive case.

(2) When the name of the thing possessed is suppressed, the possessive case is indicated by the suffix -é or -éi; -é, if the thing possessed is a single object, -éi, when two or more objects are possessed.

Kinek a háza az?

Az atyám -é.

Whose house is that?

My father’s.

Kinek a házai azok?

Az atyám -éi.

Whose houses are those?

My father’s.

Az a ház az atyám -é.

That house is my father’s.

This sentence in full would be: Az a ház az atyám háza, but háza is suppressed and the suffix -é is substituted for it.

This suffix -é or -éi is added to the plural if there are more than one possessor.

Kinek a szobája ez?

A gyermek-ek -é.

Whose is this room?

The children’s.

Kinek a szobái ezek?

A gyermek-ek -éi.

Whose are these rooms?

The children’s.

Note.—This form of the genitive, being a contraction of both possessor and object possessed, may be used as subject or predicate, and can be inflected like an ordinary noun, except that it cannot take the genitive ending again.

- Házamat eladtam és Péter-é-t megvettem, I sold my house and bought Peter’s.

Here Péter is in the genitive, and has taken also the accusative ending -t, which would be joined to the object were it expressed; thus, Házamat eladtam és Péternek ház-á-t megvettem.

EXERCISE III.

A madarak dala szép. A fák lombja zöld. Péter háza és kertje nagy. A háznak sok ablaka van. Az ökrök járma erős. Jánosnak négy lova van. A rózsáknak édes illata van. Kinek a kertje ez? A szomszédé.

The scent of the flowers is pleasant. Whose are those fine horses? They belong to the king. The colour of the roses of that garden is lovely. That tall house belongs to Peter. The neighbour has a large garden.

dal ,

song

lomb ,

foliage

ablak ,

window

négy ,

four

édes ,

sweet

illat ,

scent

szomszéd ,

neighbour

szép ,

fine, beautiful

szín ,

colour

gyönyörű ,

lovely

THE DATIVE.

The dative suffix is also -nak or -nek, which corresponds to the English “to” or “for.”

- Ezt Péter-nek adom, I give this to Peter.

- Szénát viszek a lovak-nak, I carry hay to the horses.

N.B.—This dative suffix, unlike the genitive -nak, -nek, must never be omitted.

THE ACCUSATIVE.

The distinctive mark of the accusative, both in the singular and in the plural, is the ending -t.

Rule 1.—This -t is added directly to

(a) all substantives ending in a vowel.

férfi

(man),

acc.

férfit

rózsa

(rose)

”

rózsát

kefe

(brush)

”

kefét

erdő

(wood)

”

erdőt

Note.—Final -a and -e become lengthened in the accusative.

(b) Substantives ending in j, l, if they are not monosyllables, ny, s (if preceded by a long vowel), dissyllables ending in sz and z, and monosyllables ending in r (except vár, a castle).

zörej

(noise),

acc.

zörejt

asztal

(table)

”

asztalt

leány

(girl)

”

leányt

kár

(damage)

”

kárt

hús

(meat)

”

húst

vadász

(huntsman)

”

vadászt

vitéz

(warrior)

”

vitézt

Rule 2. -t is preceded by a vowel in the case of words ending with a consonant.

(a) By a (for flat words).

In monosyllabic substantives containing a long or short a (excepting those covered by the preceding rule).

száj

(mouth),

acc.

szájat

váz

(skeleton)

”

vázat

vaj

(butter)

”

vajat

In most monosyllables containing i.

díj

(salary),

acc.

díjat

híd

(bridge)

”

hidat

Also, in many nouns which shorten the long á of their last syllable.

madár

(bird),

acc.

madarat

(b) By o (for flat words).

narancs

(orange),

acc.

narancsot

kalap

(hat)

”

kalapot

(c) By e (for sharp words).

In all substantives whose roots have i, e, or é, for their radical vowels.

gyermek

(child),

acc.

gyermeket

vitézség

(bravery)

”

vitézséget

In monosyllables with a final l, or with another final consonant preceded by l or r.

fül

(ear),

acc.

fület

föld

(earth)

”

földet

völgy

(valley)

”

völgyet

(d) By ö (for sharp words).

In substantives having as their radical vowels ö, ő, ü, or ű, and not covered by the preceding rules.

ezüst

(silver),

acc.

ezüstöt

füst

(smoke)

”

füstöt

köd

(fog)

”

ködöt

CONTRACTION.

The rule for contraction is the same in the case of the addition of the accusative ending as in that of the addition of the plural ending (see page 8).

lélek

(soul),

plural,

lelkek ,

acc.

lelket

dolog

(task)

”

dolgok ,

”

dolgot

A substantive is declined in the plural in the same way as in the singular.

Nom.

a házak

Gen.

a házak-é

Dat.

a házak-nak

Acc.

a házak-at

EXERCISE IV.

Buzát adok a madaraknak. Képeket mutatok a gyermekeknek. Az ember vizet visz a lovaknak és az ökröknek. A hó takarót ad a földnek. A kert gyümölcsöt hoz a gazdának. A tónak a partja virágos és a vize tiszta. A kert füve zöld és fái magasak. Látok egy gazdaságot, két házat és három lovat. A munka díja nagy. A madarat a kertben látom.

The men have a beautiful garden. The king’s palace is an imposing building. I do not much admire the houses. Whose books are those? They belong to the student. I shall give this gun to the hunter. I like beautiful flowers.

kép ,

picture

mutatok ,

I show

víz ,

water

visz ,

carries

ad ,

gives

munka ,

work

látok, látom ,

I see

palota ,

palace

tekintélyes ,

imposing

épület ,

building

takaró ,

a covering

hoz ,

brings

gazda ,

farmer

gazdaság ,

farm

part ,

shore

virágos ,

flowery

nem ,

no, not

nagyon ,

much

bámulom ,

I admire

tanuló ,

student

fogom adni ,

I shall give

puska ,

gun

tiszta ,

clean, pure

CHAPTER IV

PERSONAL SUFFIXES

As already mentioned, the name of the object possessed is always inflected.

- Péternek kalap-ja (Peter’s hat).

In Hungarian, the function of the English possessive pronouns (my, thy, &c.) is performed by suffixes.

- atyá-m (my father); atyá-d (thy father).

These suffixes are as follows:—

(A.) Where the Object possessed is Singular.

Flat Words.

Sharp Words.

Sing.:

1st

person

-m

-m

my

2nd

”

-d

-d

thy

3rd

”

-ja

-je

his, hers, its

Plural:

1st

”

-nk

-nk

our

2nd

”

-tok

-tek, tök

your

3rd

”

-jok, juk

-jök, jük

their

When a word ends in a vowel these suffixes are added directly to the word, the vowels a and e being lengthened, as in the case of the formation of the plural.

Examples.

atya (father)

atyá-m ,

my father

atyá-nk ,

our father

atyá-d ,

thy father

atyá-tok ,

your father

aty(á)-ja ,

his or her father[3]

aty(á)-juk ,

their father[3]

eke (plough)

eké-m ,

my plough

eké-nk ,

our plough

eké-d ,

thy plough

eké-tek ,

your plough

eké-je ,

his or her plough

eké-jük ,

their plough

A large number of words drop the j in the third person singular and plural.

láb

(foot)

lába

lábuk

bér

(wages)

bére

bérük

szív

(heart)

szive

szivük

toll

(feather)

tolla

tolluk

orr

(nose)

orra

orruk

In general, when a word ends with a consonant the j is omitted, but words ending in two different consonants usually retain the j.

föld

(ground)

földje

foldjük

kert

(garden)

kertje

kertjük

domb

(hill)

dombja

dombjuk

rojt

(fringe)

rojtja

rojtjuk

There are exceptions, however.

gyümölcs

(fruit)

gyümölcse

gyümölcsük

ércz

(metal)

ércze

érczük

kilincs

(door handle)

kilincse

kilincsük

(B.) Where the Objects possessed are more than one.

The mark of plurality is the vowel i in the suffixes.

Flat and Sharp Words.

Sing.:

1st

person

-im

my

2nd

”

-id

thy

3rd

”

-i

his, hers, its

Plural:

1st

”

-ink

our

2nd

”

-itok (flat), itek  (sharp)

your

3rd

”

-ik

their

Examples.

hajó  (ship)

szoba  (room)

eke  (plough)

Sing.:

1st

person

hajó-im

szobá-im

eké-im

2nd

”

hajó-id

szobá-id

eké-id

3rd

”

hajó-i

szobá-i

eké-i

Plural:

1st

”

hajó-ink

szobá-ink

eké-ink

2nd

”

hajó-itok

szobá-itok

eké-itek

3rd

”

hajó-ik

szobá-ik

eké-ik

Nouns ending in a consonant link these endings by means of a vowel.

Examples.

könyv  (book);

ház  (house).

1. The Object in the Singular.

1.

könyv-em ,

my book.

1.

ház-am ,

my house.

2.

könyv-ed ,

thy book.

2.

ház-ad ,

thy house.

3.

könyv-e ,

his book.

3.

ház-a ,

his house.

1.

könyv-ünk ,

our book.

1.

ház-unk ,

our house.

2.

könyv-etek ,

your book.

2.

ház-atok ,

your house.

3.

könyv-ük ,

their book.

3.

ház-ok ,

their house.

2. The Object in the Plural.

1.

könyv-eim ,

my books.

1.

ház-aim ,

my houses.

2.

könyv-eid ,

thy books.

2.

ház-aid ,

thy houses.

3.

könyv-ei ,

his books.

3.

ház-ai ,

his houses.

1.

könyv-eink ,

our books.

1.

ház-aink ,

our houses.

2.

könyv-eitek ,

your books.

2.

ház-aitok ,

your houses.

3.

könyv-eik ,

their books.

3.

ház-aik ,

their houses.

Words which contract before adding the plural endings, also contract when adding these personal suffixes.

ökör

(ox),

plural

ökrök

ökröm

(my ox), &c.

malom

(mill)

”

malmok

malmom

(my mill), &c.

lélek

(soul)

”

lelkek

lelkem

(my soul), &c.

Note.—If the possessor is the first or the second person, the pronoun must not be put before it ordinarily, as the suffix already indicates to whom the object belongs. The personal pronoun is only to be used when it is desired to lay stress on this ownership, as, az én könyvem, my book (not yours); a te könyved, thy book (not another’s).

A noun to which has been added a personal suffix can take further suffixes.

- ezt atyá-m-nak adom, I am giving this to my father.

- a hajó-m-at szeretem, I like my boat.

- a hajó-m-ban, in my boat.

EXERCISE V.

A házak ablakai fényesek és ajtói magasak. A gazdának hat lova, nyolcz ökre és tíz tehene van. Kié az eke és az ásó? A gazdáé. A hű és szorgalmas szolga bére nagy. Kertem gyümölcsei érettek. Az én kertem kisebb mint a barátomé. A körte íze kellemesebb mint az almáé. A mi atyánk idősebb mint a te atyád. A rózsa szine piros, a buzavirágé kék.

My father’s books are very interesting. The scent of the roses is pleasant. The colour of the rose is red. The farmer has many valuable horses. The flowers of my father’s garden are beautiful. Whose is that book? It belongs to my friend’s little boy.

fényes ,

bright

ajtó ,

door

hat ,

six

tíz ,

ten

tehén ,

cow

szorgalmas ,

industrious

szolga ,

servant

bér ,

wages

érett ,

ripe

kis, kisebb ,

small, smaller

barát ,

friend

íz ,

flavour

idős ,

old

buzavirág ,

cornflower

érdekes ,

interesting

értékes ,

valuable

FOOTNOTES:

[3] anya (mother), atya (father), and bátya (elder brother), drop the á in the third person singular and plural.

CHAPTER V

SUFFIXES FOR PLACE, DIRECTION, ETC.

Where in English a preposition would be used, in Hungarian either a suffix, or a postposition (see next chapter) is employed.

- In the house, a ház-ban.

(a) Suffixes indicating Place where.

Flat. Sharp.

1. -ban, -ben = in.

- a ház-ban, a könyv-ben.

2. -n (after vowels) = on, at, in.

- az ajtó-n, on the door.

Note.—a and e become lengthened when adding -n: as, eke, eké-n.

-on, -en, -ön (after a consonant) = on, at, in.

- az asztal-on, on the table.

- a föld-ön, on the ground.

- Budapest-en, in Budapest.

3. -nál, -nél = with, at the house of, at, among.

- ő atyám-nál van, he is with my father, or at my father’s house.

- a francia udvar-nál, at the French Court.

- a görögök-nél, among the Greeks.

(b) Suffixes answering the Question whither.

Flat. Sharp.

4. -ba, -be = into.

- a ház-ba megyek, I am going into the house.

- tedd a terem-be, put it into the hall.

5. -ra, -re = towards, on, upon.

- észak-ra, towards the north.

- tedd az asztal-ra, put it on the table.

- tíz-re jár az óra, it is getting towards ten o’clock.

6. -hoz, -hez, -höz = to, towards.

- a barátom-hoz megyek, I am going to my friend.

- menj az épület-hez, go to the building.

(c) Suffixes answering the Question whence.

7. -ból, -ből = out of.

- kimentem a ház-ból, I went out of the house.

- a halat kifogták a víz-ből, they have drawn a fish out of the water.

8. -ról, -ről = from (downwards from).

- a kémény leesett a ház-ról (the chimney fell from the house).

9. -tól, -től = from.

- a levél az atyám-tól jön, the letter comes from my father.

Other Suffixes.

-ig answers the question How long? or How far?

- a ház-ig, as far as the house.

- két évig, for two years.

-ért = on account of, because of, for.

- barátság-ért, for friendship.

- pénz-ért, for money.

Flat. Sharp.

-val, -vel = with, by means of.

- ásó-val, with a spade.

Note.—-val, -vel, if joined to a noun ending in a consonant, drops the v, and doubles the final consonant of the noun.

- kéz (hand), kéz-zel (by hand), kezem-mel (with my hand).

-vá, -vé is used to indicate the change of an object into something else.

- katoná-vá lenni, to become a soldier.

- Lót neje só-vá változott, Lot’s wife was turned into salt.

Note.—The above rule relating to -val, -vel, applies also to -vá, -vé.

-úl, -űl tells for what purpose a thing has been done.

- példá-úl, for example; mintá-úl, as a pattern.

-ként = like, as.

- nagybátyját atyja-ként szereti, he loves his uncle like a father.

-stul, stül = together with.

- levettem a rózsát szárastul, I plucked the rose with its stalk.

All these suffixes can be used after plural or personal suffixes have already been added to a noun.

- ház, ház-ak-ért, ház-am-ért.

They can also themselves take the personal endings mentioned in the previous chapter.

Thus, instead of joining -ben (in) to the pronoun én (I), to express the notion “in me,” the personal suffix m (with the proper connecting vowel) is added to the prepositional affix -ben: thus, “in me” becomes bennem, “in thee,” benned, &c.

ben  (in)

gives

bennem, benned, benne,

bennünk, bennetek, bennök .

n  (on)

”

rajtam, rajtad, rajta,

rajtunk, rajtatok, rajtok .

nál  (with)

”

nálam, nálad, nála,

nálunk, nálatok, nálok .

be  (into)

”

belém, beléd, belé (beléje),

belénk, belétek, beléjök .

ra, re  (on to)

”

reám (rám), reád (rád), reá (rá),

reánk (ránk), rátok, rájok .

hoz  (towards)

”

hozzám, hozzád, hozzá (hozzája),

hozzánk, hozzátok, hozzájok .

ből  (out of)

”

belőlem, belőled, belőle,

belőlünk, belőletek, belőlök .

ról  (down from)

”

rólam, rólad, róla,

rólunk, rólatok, róluk .

től  (from)

”

tőlem, tőled, tőle,

tőlünk, tőletek, tőlük .

ért  (on account of)

”

értem, érted, érte,

értünk, értetek, értök .

vel  (with)

”

velem, veled, vele,

velünk, veletek, velök .

CHAPTER VI

POSTPOSITIONS

These resemble the suffixes just enumerated, except in the circumstance that they are not joined to the noun, but stand after it as separate words.

- az egér fut a macska elől, the mouse runs from the cat.

Many have three forms, according as they answer the question When? Whither? Whence?

- alatt, under (stationary): a macska az asztal alatt van, the cat is under the table.

- alá, under (towards): menj a fa alá, go under the tree.

- alól, under (from under): a növény kikel a föld alól, the plant comes from under the ground.

Such postpositions may be tabulated as follows:—

Where?

Whither?

Whence?

under

alatt

alá

alól

before

előtt

elé

elől

above

fölött

fölé

fölől

around

körött

köré

körül

between or among

között

közé

közül

behind

mögött

mögé

mögül

beside

mellett

mellé

mellől

on

hegyett

hegyé

towards

felé

away from

felől

Other Postpositions.

ellen ,

against

gyanánt ,

as, for

iránt ,

towards

miatt ,

because of

mulva ,

after, at the end of

nélkül ,

without

óta ,

since

szerint ,

according to

után ,

after

végett ,

for the purpose of

helyett ,

instead of

The above postpositions do not necessitate any orthographical modification of the preceding substantive.

- a Duna mellett, beside the Danube.

The following postpositions do necessitate some change.

közel, near.

képest, in comparison with, in proportion to.

Before these the substantive takes -hoz, -hez, or -höz.

- a templom-hoz közel, near the church.

- öccsé-hez képest magas, he is tall compared with his younger brother.

fogva, since, by, from.

The substantive takes the suffix -nál, -nél, or -tól, -től.

- kezé-nél fogva, by his hand.

- tavasz-tól fogva épitik ezt a házat, they have been building this house since the spring.

nézve, in regard to.

The substantive takes the suffix -ra, -re.

- a dolog barátom-ra nézve kellemetlen, the business is disagreeable as regards my friend.

- a külsejé-re nézve megnyerő, he is pleasing as regards his appearance.

együtt, together with.

The substantive takes the suffix -val, -vel.

- Sándor Mari-val együtt érkezett, Alexander has arrived together with Mary.

Note.—együtt can also be used as an adverb, meaning together.

- a három ember együtt érkezett, the three men arrived together.

The following postpositions necessitate the addition to the substantives of the ending -n, -on, -en, or -ön.

alul, below, under.

- a becsáron alul adták el mindenét, all his belongings were sold under their value.

át, által, across, over.

- a katonák a hidon át mentek el, the soldiers went away over the bridge.

belül, within, inside.

- az ajtón belül, inside the door.

fölül, above.

- a felhőkön fölül, above the clouds.

innen, this side of.

- a folyón innen, this side of the river

keresztül, through, across.

- az erdőn keresztül, through the wood.

kívül, outside.

- a városon kívül, outside the town.

túl, beyond, the other side of.

- az erdőn túl vadásznak, they are hunting the other side of the wood.

The above postpositions (with the exception of gyanánt, mulva, óta, közel, képest, fogva, nézve, együtt, át, belül, innen, keresztül, and túl) may, like the suffixes in the preceding chapter, take the personal endings.

alattam ,

under me

alattad ,

under thee, &c.

nélkülem ,

without me

nélküled ,

without thee, &c.

kívülem ,

besides me

kívüled ,

besides thee, &c.

alúl, belül, fölül, kívül, közel, and túl can take the suffix for direction -ról, ről (from), and they then mean from under, from within, &c.

alúl-ról ,

from under

belül-ről ,

from within

fölül-ről ,

from above

kívül-ről ,

from without

közel-ről ,

from near

túl-ról ,

from beyond

EXERCISE VI.

A tehenek és lovak istállói tágasak és tiszták a gazdaságban. Magyarország hegyeiben sok ércz van. Atyánk uj könyvei a könyvtárban vannak. Hétfő helyett szerdán megyek el. A három közül ez a legszebb. A füst elszállt a tető fölől. A hirlap szerint a király megérkezett.

My father is in his garden, but will soon go into the house. The horses are in their stalls. The boys are coming out of school. The chimney fell down from the roof. Do not go to the shop without money. Flour is made into bread.

tágas ,

spacious

hegy ,

hill

ércz ,

metal

könyvtár ,

library

hétfő ,

Monday

szerda ,

Wednesday

legszebb ,

finest

elszállt ,

has flown

tető ,

roof

hirlap ,

newspaper

hamar ,

soon

jönnek ,

are coming

iskola ,

school

kémény ,

chimney

bolt ,

shop

ne menj ,

do not go

liszt ,

flour

kenyér ,

bread

csinálják ,

they make (the passive is not used)

CHAPTER VII

THE ADJECTIVE

The adjective when used attributively is indeclinable.

- A szép rózsa, the beautiful rose.

- A szép rózsák, the beautiful roses.

- Látom a szép rózsákat, I see the beautiful roses.

But when used predicatively, the adjective is declinable.

- A rózsák szép-ek, the roses are beautiful.

Also, when the adjective is used by itself as a substantive, it is declinable.

Add nekem a könyvet.

Melyiket?

A nagy-ot.

Give me the book.

Which one?

The big (one).

Add nekem a könyveket.

Melyikeket?

A nagy-okat.

Give me the books.

Which ones?

The big (ones).

An adjective when declined is inflected in the same manner as a substantive. In forming the plural, however, the following exceptions occur.

Adjectives ending in ü take the plural ending -ek.

Adjectives ending in i take the plural ending -ek or -ak.

gyönyörü

(lovely),

plural

gyönyörü -ek

régi

(old)

”

régi -ek

párisi

(Parisian)

”

párisi -ak

In all other cases adjectives follow the same rules as substantives.

Among adjectives are reckoned the participles of the verb, which, when used as adjectives, are inflected like them.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.

The comparative is formed by adding -bb to adjectives ending in a vowel, or -abb, -ebb, or -obb, to those ending in a consonant.

gyönyörü

(lovely),

comp.

gyönyörü -bb

nagy

(great)

”

nagy -obb

After sibilants, which would admit the sound b to be heard without an intermediate vowel, often only -b is added to form the comparative, but it is preferable to use a connecting vowel, unless it is not desired to lengthen the word by a syllable, as, for instance, in poetry. It is correct, for example, to write magasb (higher), though magasabb is more usual.

Final a and e are lengthened when the comparative suffix -bb is added.

- drága (dear), drágá-bb; fekete (black), feketé-bb.

Final ó shortens its sound only in jó (good), jobb.

The following are somewhat irregular:—

szép

(beautiful),

comp.

szebb

könnyű

(easy)

”

könnyebb

ifju

(young)

”

ifjabb

hosszú

(long)

”

hosszabb

sok

(much)

”

több

Comparisons are made with the aid of the conjunction mint, as, than.

- Ez nagyobb mint az, this is greater than that.

- A méter hosszabb mint a rőf, the metre is longer than the yard.

as ... as ... is expressed by olyan ... mint ...

- Az én házam olyan nagy mint a tied, my house is as large as yours.

- Egy font nem olyan nehéz mint egy kilogramm, a pound is not so heavy as a kilogram.

When the comparative is used by itself as a substantive, it takes the affix -ik.

- szebb, a szebbik; nagyobb, a nagyobbik.

- A két folyó közül ez a mélyebbik, of the two rivers, this is the deeper.

This rule applies also to the superlative.

The superlative is invariably formed by prefixing leg- to the comparative.

drága ,

comp.

drágább

sup.

leg-drágább

nagy

”

nagyobb

”

leg-nagyobb

erős

”

erősebb

”

leg-erősebb

sok

”

több

”

leg-több

Cardinals.—These are declinable like other adjectives when the substantives which they qualify are not expressed.

They also form derivatives which answer the question: hányan (how many)? For instance: How many ran away? Hárman (= három-an, the o being dropped). The terminations of these derivatives are -an and -en, as, négy-en, öt-en.

egy = egyedűl (alone), and kettő = ketten, form their derivatives irregularly; három and ezer become contracted: hárman, ezren.

Száz (100), ezer (1000), and millió may be used as substantives and form plurals if the number of hundreds, &c., is indefinite; as, százak (hundreds), ezrek (thousands), milliók (millions). If, however, the number is stated, the singular must be used; as három száz (three hundred), tíz ezer (ten thousand).

Numerals

Cardinals.

Ordinals.

Fractionals.

Multiplicatives.

1

egy

első

egyszer (once)

2[4]

két, kettő

második

fél,

1/2

kétszer (twice)

3

három

harmadik

harmad,

1/3

háromszor

4

négy

negyedik

negyed,

1/4

négyszer

5

öt

ötödik

ötöd,

1/5

ötször

6

hat

hatodik

hatod,

1/6

hatszor

7

hét

hetedik

heted,

1/7

hétszer

8

nyolc

nyolcadik

nyolcad,

1/8

nyolcszor

9

kilenc

kilencedik

kilenced,

1/9

kilencszer

10

tíz

tizedik

tized,

1/10

tízszer

11

tizenegy

tizenegyedik

tizenegyed,

1/11

tizenegyszer

12[4]

tizenkét (kettő)

tizenkettedik

tizenketted,

1/12

tizenkétszer

20

húsz

huszadik

huszad,

1/20

húszszor

21

huszonegy

huszonegyedik

huszonegyed,

1/21

huszanegyszer

22[4]

huszonkét (kettő)

huszonkettedik

huszonketted,

1/22

huszankétszer

30

harminc

harmincadik

harmincad,

1/30

harmincszor

31

harmincegy

harmincegyedik

harmincegyed,

1/31

harmincegyszer

40

negyven

negyvenedik

negyvened,

1/40

negyvenszer

50

ötven

ötvenedik

ötvened,

1/50

ötvenszer

60

hatvan

hatvanadik

hatvanad,

1/60

hatvanszor

70

hetven

hetvenedik

hetvened,

1/70

hetvenszer

80

nyolcvan

nyolcvanadik

nyolcvanad,

1/80

nyolcvanszor

90

kilencven

kilencvenedik

kilencvened,

1/90

kilencvenszer

100

száz

századik

század,

1/100

százszor

1,000

ezer

ezredik

ezred,

1/1000

ezerszer

10,000

tízezer

tízezredik

tízezred,

1/10000

tízezerszer

100,000

százezer

százezredik

százezred,

1/100000

százezerszer

1,000,000

millió

milliomodik

milliomod,

1/1000000

milliomszor

Ordinals.—These, like cardinals, are adjectives, and are declinable. They sometimes drop the ending -ik if another word is joined to them. This is not usually done, however, and occurs chiefly in words expressing age, as, másod-éves, in the second year; (“two years old” would be kétéves).

Ordinals form adverbs by dropping the ending -ik, and taking -szor or -szer instead. Első is irregular, but the rest are regular.

első ,

first

először ,

firstly

második ,

second

másodszor ,

secondly

harmadik ,

third

harmadszor ,

thirdly

negyedik ,

fourth

negyedszer ,

fourthly, &c.

Fractionals are also adjectives and declinable, but they do not form adverbs. They may be used in the plural, as, negyedek (quarters); e.g. a negyedek nagyobbak mint a nyolcadok (quarters are larger than eighths). If however, these fractionals are preceded by another numeral, they must be used in the singular; as, három negyed (three-fourths).

Multiplicatives are adverbs and therefore indeclinable.

- Háromszor négy: tizenkettő, three times four are twelve.

- Háromszor irtam levelet, I have written a letter three times.

These multiplicatives form adjectives by adding -es or -os. Kétszer-es, double; háromszor-os, triple, &c.

Other multiples, almost identical in meaning with kétszeres, háromszoros, &c., are:—

egyes ,

simple

kettős ,

double

hármas ,

triple

négyes ,

quadruple

ötös ,

quintuple

hatos ,

sextuple

hetes ,

septuple

nyolczas ,

octuple, &c.

By adding -rétü to the cardinal numbers another kind of multiplicative is formed.

- egyrétü, single; kétrétü, two-fold; hatrétü, six-fold, &c.

- háromrétü vászon, three-fold linen.

Indefinite Numerals:—

sok ,

much, many

sokan

”        ”

}

only of persons, and when not followed by a substantive.

kevesen ,

few

}

néhányan

”

}

kevés ,

few

néhány ,

a few

annyi ,

so much

számtalan ,

innumerable

The Time.

The hours are expressed by the respective cardinal numbers, followed by the word óra (hour).

- egy óra (one o’clock); tizenegy óra (eleven o’clock).

The half-hours and quarters are expressed by the suitable fraction, followed by the number of the next hour, which number may take the affix -ra, -re.

A quarter-past two

=

negyed háromra  (lit. a quarter towards three).

Half-past two

=

fél háromra  (lit. a half towards three).

A quarter to three

=

három negyed háromra  (lit. three-quarters towards three).

N.B.—The affix is frequently omitted.

The minutes are indicated as follows:—

2.5

öt percczel mult kettő  (lit. 5 minutes past two).

2.10

tíz percczel mult kettő  (lit. 10 minutes past two).

2.20

tíz percz mulva fél három  (lit. 10 minutes before half three).

2.25

öt percz mulva fél három  (lit. 5 minutes before half three).

2.35

tíz percz mulva három negyed három  (lit. 10 minutes before three-quarters of three).

2.40

öt percz mulva három negyed három  (lit. 5 minutes before three-quarters of three).

2.50

tíz percz mulva három  (lit. 10 minutes before three).

2.55

öt percz mulva három  (lit. 5 minutes before three).

To ask the time, one says: Hány óra van? or, Hány az óra. (Hány = how much? how many?).

EXERCISE VII.

A liszt fehér, a czukor fehérebb és a hó a legfehérebb. A gazdag országok hatalmasak. A gondolat gyorsabb mint a villám. Atyám birtoka sokkal régibb mint a te atyádé. A kemény drágakövek a bányában vannak. A drágakövek nagyon kemények. Az utczában ötvenkét ház van. Negyedik[5] Henrik német császár és Hetedik[5] Gergely római pápa kortársak voltak. A gyümölcs egy harmada az enyém, két harmada bátyámé. Négy óra mult nyolcz percczel.

The richest men are not always the happiest. I see many lovely roses in your father’s garden. My friend’s house is much larger than this. There are seventeen houses in the street, and mine is the eleventh. I shall be at home at twenty-five minutes past six. The king’s palace is the largest building in Budapest.

czukor ,

sugar

gazdag ,

rich

ország ,

country

hatalmas ,

powerful

gondolat ,

thought

villám ,

lightning

birtok ,

estate

sokkal ,

(by) much

régi ,

old

kemény ,

hard

drágakő ,

precious stone

bánya ,

mine

utcza ,

street

Henrik ,

Henry

német ,

German

császár ,

emperor

Gergely ,

Gregory

római ,

Roman

pápa ,

pope

kortárs ,

contemporary

enyém ,

mine

bátya ,

elder brother

mindig ,

always

boldog ,

happy

itthon ,

at home (here)

leszek ,

I shall be

FOOTNOTES:

[4] két, if followed by a substantive, and kettő, if standing by itself: két ember, two men; on the question, How many? kettő.

[5] When ordinals form part of a title, they precede the name.

CHAPTER VIII

THE PRONOUN

1. Personal Pronouns.

Nominative.

én ,

I

mi ,

we

te ,

thou

ti ,

you

ő ,

he or she

ők ,

they

Dative.

nekem ,

to or for me

nekünk ,

to or for us

neked ,

”        thee

nektek ,

”        you

neki ,

”        him or her

nekik ,

”        them

Accusative.

engem ,

me

minket or bennünket ,

us

téged ,

thee

titeket or benneteket ,

you

őt ,

him or her

őket ,

them

The Possessive Pronoun.

(a) Where the object possessed is a single object.

enyém ,

mine

mienk ,

ours

tied ,

thine

tietek ,

yours

övé ,

his or hers

övék ,

theirs

(b) Where more objects than one are possessed.

enyéim ,

mine

mieink ,

ours

tieid ,

thine

tieitek ,

yours

övéi ,

his or hers

övéik ,

theirs

This pronoun is not used attributively, like the English my, thy, &c., but predicatively, like mine, thine, &c.

- Ez a könyv az enyém, a másik a tied, this book is mine, the other is yours.

- Ezek a könyvek az enyéim, these books are mine.

The force of the English my, thy, &c., is usually given by the personal endings, as explained in Chapter IV.: as, for instance, a kalap-om, my hat; az atyá-d, thy father. But if stress is laid on the fact that an object is mine, thine, &c., then the simple pronoun én, te, &c., is placed before the substantive, which takes in addition the personal endings.

- Ez az én kalap-om, this is my hat.

- A magasabbik az én ház-am, a kisebbik az övé, the taller is my house, the smaller is his.

As there is no verb “to have” in Hungarian, the word van (vannak, &c.) is often used with nekem, neked, &c., to express possession (see page 11), the object possessed taking the personal endings.

- Nekem van toll-am, I have a pen.

- Neked van kert-ed, thou hast a garden.

2. Reflexive Pronouns.

magam ,

myself

magunk ,

ourselves

magad ,

thyself

magatok ,

yourselves

maga ,

himself or herself

maguk ,

themselves

These pronouns are inflected like substantives. They are sometimes used as equivalent to my own, thy own, &c., as, magam könyve, my own book; magad könyve, thy own book, &c. The object possessed, in such cases, always takes the third person singular personal ending, because magam könyve, magad könyve, &c., strictly means my self’s book, thy self’s book, &c.

The reflexive pronouns may take the possessive suffix -é; as, a magam-é, mine.

Sometimes these pronouns are used to express solitude; as, magam vagyok, I am alone.

Egymás is a Reciprocal Pronoun = one another, each other.

- Szeretik egymást, they like one another.

- Levelet irtak egymásnak, they wrote a letter to one another.

The Use of the Second Person.

In Hungarian, when speaking to one or more persons, the second person is only used among members of the same family or by intimate friends, or else in poetry.

In addressing strangers, instead of te, neked, &c., one must use ön or maga, maga being rather less formal than ön.

Nominative.

Dative.

Accusative.

Sing.:

ön

önnek

önt

Plural:

önök

önöknek

önöket

Sing.:

maga

magának

magát

Plural:

maguk

maguknak

magukat

These are all in the third person, and take the verb in the third person, e.g. ön elmegy, you are going away.

Similarly the words nagyságod, sir or madam; nagysád, madam; méltóságod, nagyméltóságod, your excellency, while formally in the second person, always takes the verb in the third person, e.g. nagyméltóságod tudja, your excellency knows.

kegyed (kegyetek, &c.) resembles ön, but is becoming old-fashioned.

3. Relative Pronouns.

- ki, aki, who (only for persons).

- mely, amely, which (for things determinate).

- mi, ami, which (for things indeterminate, and when the pronoun relates to an abstract idea or a preceding phrase).

These pronouns are inflected like substantives.

4. Interrogative Pronouns.

- ki? kicsoda? who?

- mi? micsoda? what? (for things).

- melyik? which? (for persons or things).

- milyen? minő? milyféle? what kind?

5. Demonstrative Pronouns.

ez ,

this

az,[6]

that

emez ,

this

amaz ,

that

ugyanez ,

this same

ugyanaz ,

that same

ezen ,

this

azon ,

that

ugyanezen ,

this same

ugyanazon ,

that same

ily, ilyen ,

such as this

oly, olyan ,

such as that

emily, emilyen ,

”        ”

amoly, amolyan ,

”        ”

emez, amaz, ezen, azon, ugyanezen and ugyanazon, are rarely used.

ezen, azon, stand before the substantive without the article, while ez and az are always followed by the article. Also, while ez and az are inflected like substantives, ezen and azon are incapable of inflection.

Before suffixes beginning with a consonant, ez and az change their final z into the first letter of such suffix; thus—

instead of

az-nak

we have

annak .

”

az-ba

”

abba .

”

az-ra

”

arra , &c.

The suffixes -val, -vel, -vá, -vé, usually change their v into a letter like the final consonant of the word to which they are joined. When, however, they are combined with ez, az, either the v may change to z, or the z of the demonstrative to v. It is equally correct to write ezzel or evvel, azzal or avval.

These demonstratives may be used both as pronouns and as adjectives.

6. Definite Pronouns.

mindenki ,

everybody

egyik ,

one (of more)

senki ,

nobody

másik ,

the other

kiki ,

each one

semmi ,

nothing

mindenik ,

all (of persons)

mind ,

all (of persons or things)

mindnyájan ,

all       ”

minden ,

all       ”             ”

7. Indefinite Pronouns.

valaki ,

somebody

akármi ,

anything

valami ,

something

némelyik ,

some

akárki ,

anyone

valamelyik ,

one (of them)

EXERCISE VIII.

Ti már egészségesek vagytok, de ők még betegek. Csak neked mondom meg a titkot. Holnap délután várlak. Téged is kértelek, Ferenczet is. A tietek ez a kocsi? Nem a mienk, hanem barátunké. A réten sok tehén van, az enyéim mind fehérek, az övéik mind feketék. Árpád, aki Magyarországot elfoglalta, nagy hős volt. A könyvtár amelyben dolgozom, csendes. Géza és Béla ismerik egymást. Szerencsét kivánok önnek.

This book is not mine but yours. My garden is not so pretty as theirs. I have a pretty garden. Ilona and her mother often write letters to each other. Everybody likes Ilona. Tell me what (ami) is true.

már ,

already

egészséges ,

healthy, well

még ,

still

beteg ,

ill

mondani ,

to tell

titok ,

a secret

holnap ,

to-morrow

délután ,

afternoon

várlak ,

I wait for thee

kértelek ,

I asked thee

is ,

also

kocsi ,

coach

hanem ,

but

rét ,

meadow

fekete ,

black

Magyarország ,

Hungary

elfoglalni ,

to occupy, to take

hős ,

hero

dolgozni ,

to work

csendes ,

quiet, still

ismerni ,

to know

szerencse ,

good luck

kivánni ,

to wish

FOOTNOTES:

[6] Az, demonstrative, must be distinguished from az, the article. The demonstrative always stands before the article, and it is capable of inflection, while the article is not.

CHAPTER IX

THE VERB

There are two Conjugations. They are called in Hungarian the ikes (pronounced ik-ash), having ik, and the iktelen, without ik, conjugations, because verbs belonging to the ikes conjugation have the termination ik in the third person singular present indicative, while those belonging to the iktelen conjugation have not.

Every Hungarian dictionary puts (ik) after ikes verbs, to show that they belong to the ikes conjugation; thus, dolgozni (ik). Verbs not so distinguished belong to the iktelen conjugation.

The Hungarian verb has only one difficulty, and when the student has mastered that he will have very little trouble.

Every transitive verb has two forms, called the definite and the indefinite forms, according to whether the object is determinate, or more or less indefinite.

- I am writing this letter, ezt a levelet irom.

- I am writing letters, leveleket irok.

Irom is the definite form, because the object is a clearly marked-out one.

Irok is the indefinite form, because the object is not so clearly marked out.

The definite form is used when the object governed by the transitive verb is a certain determinate object. For example:—

1. When the substantive is a proper noun.

- Pétert várom, I am expecting Peter.

2. When the article az or a precedes the substantive.

- A levelet irom, I am writing the letter.

3. When the substantive is used with a personal suffix.

- Házamat eladom, I am selling my house.

4. When the object of the sentence is a demonstrative pronoun, the third personal pronoun, or the reflexive pronoun, magam, &c.

- Azt látom, I see that.

- Őt hívom, I am calling him.

- Nem hallom magamat, I do not hear myself.

The indefinite form is used when the object is less determinate.

- Sok levelet irok, I am writing several letters.

- Embert látok, I see a man.

It is used even when the substantive is preceded by a cardinal numeral.

- Nyolcz embert látok, I see eight men.

But if, by a demonstrative, or by the article alone, we point to some particular man or men, we must use the definite form.

- Ezt az embert látom, I see this man.

- A nyolcz embert látom, I see the eight men.

The indefinite is used when the object is an infinitive verb (such verb itself having no further object), or a relative pronoun.

- Szeretek dolgozni, I like to work.

- A levelek, amelyeket irok, the letters which I write.

- Az emberek, akiket látok, the men whom I see.

Note.—Intransitive verbs naturally have but one form, the indefinite—e.g. járok, I walk.

IKTELEN VERBS.

Example.—Vágni, to cut.

Indicative.

Indefinite Form.

Definite Form.

Present.

vág-ok ,

I cut

vág-om ,

I cut (it)

vág-sz ,

thou cuttest

vág-od ,

thou cuttest (it)

vág ,

he cuts

vág-ja ,

he cuts (it)

vág-unk ,

we cut

vág-juk ,

we cut (it)

vág-tok ,

you cut

vág-játok ,

you cut (it)

vág-nak ,

they cut

vág-ják ,

they cut (it)

Imperfect.

vág-ék ,

I was cutting

vág-ám ,

I was cutting (it)

vág-ál ,

thou wast cutting

vág-ád ,

thou wast cutting (it)

vág-a ,

he was cutting

vág-á ,

he was cutting (it)

vág-ánk ,

we were cutting

vág-ók ,

we were cutting (it)

vág-átok ,

you were cutting

vág-átok ,

you were cutting (it)

vág-ának ,

they were cutting

vág-ák ,

they were cutting (it)

N.B.—This tense is obsolete; see page 46 .

Past.

vág-tam ,

I have cut

vág-tam ,

I have cut (it)

vág-tál ,

thou hast cut

vág-tad ,

thou hast cut (it)

vág-(o)t(t)[7] ,

he has cut

vág-ta ,

he has cut (it)

vág-tunk ,

we have cut

vág-tuk ,

we have cut (it)

vág-tatok ,

you have cut

vág-tátok ,

you have cut (it)

vág-tak ,

they have cut

vág-ták ,

they have cut (it)

Pluperfect.

This is the same as the past tense, followed by volt .

vág-tam volt , I had cut.

vág-tál volt , thou hadst cut, &c.

Future.

fogok vágni ,

I shall cut

fogom vágni ,

I shall cut (it)

fogsz       ”

thou wilt cut

fogod       ”

thou wilt cut (it)

fog       ”

he will cut

fogja       ”

he will cut (it)

fogunk       ”

we shall cut

fogjuk       ”

we shall cut (it)

fogtok       ”

you will cut

fogjátok       ”

you will cut (it)

fognak       ”

they will cut

fogják       ”

they will cut (it)

Imperative.

vág-j ,

do thou cut

vág-d ,

cut thou (it)

vág-jon ,

let him cut

vag-ja ,

let him cut (it)

vág-junk ,

let us cut

vág-juk ,

let us cut (it)

vág-jatok ,

cut you

vág-játok ,

cut you (it)

vág-janak ,

let them cut

vág-ják ,

let them cut (it)

Subjunctive.

(hogy- )

(that)

(hogy- )

(that)

vág-ják ,

I may or might cut

vág-jam ,

I may or might cut (it), &c.

vag-j ,

thou mayest or mightest cut, &c.

vág-d ,

vág-jon

vág-ja

vág-junk

vág-juk

vág-jatok

vág-játok

vág-janak

vág-ják

Conditional.

Present.

vág-nék ,

I should cut

vág-nám ,

I should cut (it)

vág-nál ,

thou shouldst cut

vág-nád ,

thou shouldst cut (it)

vág-na ,

he should cut

vág-ná ,

he should cut (it)

vág-nánk ,

we should cut

vág-nók ,

we should cut (it)

vág-nátok ,

you should cut

vág-nátok ,

you should cut (it)

vág-nának ,

they should cut

vág-nák ,

they should cut (it)

Past.

This is formed from the past indicative, with volna .

vág-tam volna , I should have cut.

vág-tál volna , thou shouldst have cut, &c.

Infinitive.

vág-ni , to cut.

With the personal suffixes (see pages 59 and 60 ):—

Sing.: vág-nom, vág-nod, vág-nia .

Plural: vág-nunk, vág-notok, vág-niok .

Participles.

Present: vág-ó , cutting.

Past: vág-ott , cut.

Future: vág-andó , to be cut.

Adverbial Participles: vág-va, vág-ván .

Notes on above example.

All regular iktelen verbs whose vowels are flats (see page 2) are conjugated like vágni.

Imperfect Indicative.—This tense is never used now in prose, though it was so used formerly. It is occasionally to be met with in poetry.

Past Indicative.—This is equivalent to both the perfect and the preterite in English. Thus, vágtam means both “I have cut,” and “I cut.”

Future Indicative.—Instead of fogok (I will), with the infinitive, it is customary to use the present indicative with some adverb indicating futurity. Thus instead of holnap fogom vágni a tüzelő fát, it would be better to say holnap vágom a tüzelő fát, to-morrow I (shall) cut the firewood. Hamar elmegyek, I (shall) go soon.

There is no form of future perfect now in use. Its place is taken by either the present or the past tense, together with some adverb indicating futurity.

- I shall have finished soon = nemsokára bevégzem (literally, soon I finish).

- I shall soon have written the letter = hamar megirtam a levelet (literally, soon I have written the letter).

Note.—The particle meg, in this instance prefixed to irtam, strongly emphasises the completion of an act. It occurs along with very many verbs, and always has this force. Sometimes it is prefixed to the verb, and sometimes it follows separately.

- Sokat irtam a feladatból de még nem irtam meg, I have written much of the task, but I have not yet finished writing.

This meg (which must not be confused with the adverb még = as yet) has no equivalent in English.

Subjunctive Mood.—A past tense of the subjunctive was formerly in use, formed from the past indicative followed by legyen, e.g. hogy vágtam legyen. This is never used now, its place being taken by the present subjunctive.

Conditional Mood.—The present tense is identical with the Imperative.

Infinitive.—The use of the infinitive with personal suffixes will be explained in the paragraph relating to the verb kelleni (page 59).

Participles.—Examples:—

Present:

Az iró ember , the writing man.

Past:

Az irott könyv , the written book.

Future:

Az irandó levél , the letter to be written.

Adverbial:

-va or -ve .

A hegyen állva, beszélt , standing on the hill, he spoke.

A ház fel van épitve , the house is built.

-ván or -vén .

A munkát elvégezvén, haza ment , having finished the work, he went home.

A lármát hallván, az udvarra sietett , hearing the noise, he hastened to the courtyard.

-ván, -vén, is used more frequently than -va, -ve, but only in cases similar to the above examples, where one clause is dependent on another.

VERBS WITH SHARP VOWELS.

The rules of euphony which regulate nouns and their suffixes (see page 2), apply also to verbs and their endings.

Hence, while vágni, a “flat” word, gives vágok, vágom, &c., “sharp” words like verni (to beat), törni (to break), give verek, verem, &c., török, töröm, &c.

Present Indicative.

Indefinite.

Definite.

Indefinite.

Definite.

ver-ek

ver-em

tör-ök

tör-öm

ver-sz

ver-ed

tör-sz

tör-öd

ver

ver-i[8]

tör

tör-i[8]

ver-ünk

ver-jük

tör-ünk

tör-jük

ver-tek

ver-itek

tör-tök

tör-itek

ver-nek

ver-ik[8]

tör-nek

tör-ik[8]

Past Indicative.

Indefinite.

Definite.

Indefinite.

Definite.

ver-tem

ver-tem

tör-tem

tör-tem

ver-tél

ver-ted

tör-tél

tör-ted

ver-t

ver-te

tör-t

tör-te

ver-tünk

ver-tük

tör-tünk

tör-tük

ver-tetek

ver-tétek

tör-tetek

tör-tétek

ver-tek

ver-ték

tör-tek

tör-ték

In this tense, as in the other tenses and moods, these verbs resemble vágni, except that as the vowel of the stem is a “sharp,” the vowel of the ending must also be a sharp.

IKES VERBS

Many ikes verbs are transitive, and such verbs, like those of the iktelen conjugation, have both the definite and indefinite forms.

The definite form of the ikes verbs is exactly the same as that of the iktelen verbs.

lak-om ,

I inhabit

lak-od ,

thou inhabitest

lak-ja ,

he inhabits

lak-juk ,

we inhabit

lak-játok ,

you inhabit

lak-ják ,

they inhabit

It is in the indefinite form that ikes verbs differ from iktelen verbs.

Examples.

lakni , to dwell

vétkezni , to sin

ütközni , to encounter

Indicative.

Present.

lak-om

vétkez-em

ütköz-öm

lak-ol

vétkez-el

ütköz-öl

lak-ik

vétkez-ik

ütköz-ik

lak-unk

vétkez-ünk

ütköz-ünk

lak-tok

vétkez-tek

ütköz-tök

lak-nak

vétkez-nek

ütköz-nek

The imperfect indicative is never used.

The  past, pluperfect, and future tenses are the same as in the

indefinite form of the iktelen verbs.

Imperative and Subjunctive.

lak-jam

vétkez-zem

ütköz-zem

lak-jál

vétkez-zél

ütköz-zél

lak-jék

vétkez-zék

ütköz-zék

lak-junk

vétkez-zünk

ütköz-zünk

lak-jatok

vétkez-zetek

ütköz-zetek

lak-janak

vétkez-zenek

ütköz-zenek

Conditional.

lak-nám

vétkez-ném

ütköz-ném

lak-nál

vétkez-nél

ütköz-nél

lak-nék

vétkez-nék

ütköz-nék

lak-nánk

vétkez-nénk

ütköz-nénk

lak-nátok

vétkez-nétek

ütköz-nétek

lak-nának

vétkez-nének

ütköz-nének

Infinitive.

lak-ni

vétkez-ni

ütköz-ni

which take personal suffixes like those of the  iktelen verbs.

Participles.

lak-ó

vétkez-ő

ütköz-ő

lak-ott

vétkez-ett

ütköz-ött

lak-andó

vétkez-endő

ütköz-endő

lak-va

vétkez-ve

ütköz-ve

lak-ván

vétkez-vén

ütköz-vén

It will be noticed that it is only in the singular number that the indefinite form of the ikes verbs differs from that of the iktelen verbs; the first person always ending in m (thus resembling the definite form), and the second person in l, while the third person present indicative ends in ik.

NOTES ON THE VERB IN GENERAL.

The Passive Voice. — There is in Hungarian no passive voice, although certain grammarians attempted to introduce one. The only parts of the verb which have a passive significance are the past and future participles. Where, in English, we should say, “I am loved,” in Hungarian it is necessary to say “szeretnek engem” (they love me), or “valaki szeret engem” (one loves me).

Construction of First Person.—If the first person acts on the second person, the distinguishing termination of the verb will be, in all moods and tenses, -lak (for flat words), or -lek (for sharp words). Whereas “I see the dog” would be lát-om a kutyát, “I see thee” is lát-lak; “I saw thee,” látta-lak; “I love thee,” szeret-lek.

Verbs ending with s, sz, or z, double their final letter instead of taking a j in the imperative and subjunctive moods; also in the present indicative, definite form.

hoz-zak ,

not

hoz-jak

hoz-za ,

”

hoz-ja , &c.

Verbs ending in t, preceded by i or a liquid consonant, take, in the imperative and subjunctive moods, an s instead of a j; as gyüjteni, to collect:—

gyüjtsek ,

not

gyüjtjek

gyüjts ,

”

gyüjtj

gyüjtsön ,

”

gyüjtjön

But in the present indicative these verbs retain the j.

Verbs ending in t preceded by a vowel other than i, and all causal verbs, change their final t into s in the imperative and subjunctive present tense, e.g. látni, to see.

láss ,

not

látj .

In verbs ending in t, preceded by sz, the final t is dropped in the imperative and subjunctive, and sz is doubled, e.g. veszt-eni, to lose.

vessz ,

not

vesztj .

The Infinitive Ending.—If a verb ends in a double consonant, or a single hard consonant, that would not admit an easy pronunciation of the usual infinitive ending -ni, this ending is joined to the stem by means of the vowel a or e.

hall-a-ni  (to hear),

instead of

hall-ni .

tanit-a-ni  (to teach)

”

tanit-ni .

In the case of such verbs, all inflections beginning with a consonant are joined to the verb by means of a vowel; e.g. hall-o-tt, not hall-t. The ending t in such cases is always doubled.

Compound Verbs.—Hungarian abounds with compound verbs, as well as with compound words in general. They are made by prefixing to the verb adverbs, postpositions, or affixes for place and direction, which modify the action expressed by the verb accordingly; as, venni, to take; el-venni, to take away; föl-venni, to take up; le-venni, to take down.

The verb is inflected in the same manner as when it stands by itself.

Note.—These particles or adverbs can also be written separately; as, el akarta venni, he wished to take it away. This construction is always used when the verb containing the affix is dependent upon some other verb.

Also, if the verb is modified by some adverb in such a way that the stress is on the adverb rather than on the verb, the affix is written separately.

- Nemsokara elmegyek, I shall go out soon; but ma megyek el, to-day I shall go out.

Formation of New Verbal Roots.—The Hungarian language forms new verbal roots by means of the addition of one or more syllables.

1. Factitive.—at, et, tat, tet, to cause to do something.

- ir-ni, to write; ir-at-ni, to cause to write.

- olvas-ni, to read; olvas-tat-ni, to cause to read.

The object influenced usually takes the suffix -val or -vel.

- A tanitó a fiu-val ir-at-ja a leveleket, the teacher makes the boy write the letters.

Sometimes, however, it is put in the accusative.

- Vár-at-om az inas-t, I make the footman wait.

2. Frequentative.—ogat; indicates a repetition of the action.

- ir-ok, I write; ir-ogat-ok, I keep on taking up my pen.

3. Diminutive.—kál, or gál, gél.

- ir, he writes; ir-kál, he is scribbling.

- nevet, he laughs; nevet-gél, he giggles.

4. Potential.—hat; indicates permission or power to do something.

- ir-hat-ok, I may write.

Note.—“I can write,” in the sense of “I have the ability to write,” would be tudok irni.

More than one of these syllables may be added to the original root.

- ir-at-hat-ok, I am able to make (some one) write.

IRREGULAR VERBS

The most important is lenni, to be.

Indicative.

Present.

Past.

vagyok ,

I am

voltam ,

I was

vagy ,

thou art

voltál ,

thou wast

van ,

he is

volt ,

he was

vagyunk ,

we are

voltunk ,

we were

vagytok ,

you are

voltatok ,

you were

vannak ,

they are

voltak ,

they were

Note.—The imperfect, valék, valál, vala, valánk, valátok, valának, is never used now, and is only met with in old books, particularly in the Bible.

Pluperfect.

Future.

voltam vala ,

I had been

leszek ,

I shall be

voltál       ”

thou hadst been

léssz ,

thou wilt be

volt       ”

he had been

lesz ,

he will be

voltunk       ”

we had been

leszünk ,

we shall be

voltatok       ”

you had been

lesztek ,

you will be

voltak       ”

they had been

lesznek ,

they will be

Imperative.

légy ,

be thou

legyen ,

let him be

legyünk ,

let us be

legyetek ,

be you

legyenek ,

let them be

Subjunctive.

Present.

Past.

(hogy )

(hogy )

legyek ,

that I shall be

voltam legyén ,

that I have been

légy ,

that thou shalt be

voltál       ”

that thou hast been

legyen ,

that he shall be

volt       ”

that he has been

legyünk ,

that we shall be

voltunk       ”

that we have been

legyetek ,

that you shall be

voltatok       ”

that you have been

legyenek ,

that they shall be

voltak       ”

that they have been

Conditional.

Present.

Past.

volnék ,

I should be

voltam volna ,

I should have been

volnál ,

thou wouldst be

voltál       ”

thou wouldst have been

volna ,

he would be

volt       ”

he would have been

volnánk ,

we should be

voltunk       ”

we should have been

volnátok ,

you would be

voltatok       ”

you would have been

volnának ,

they would be

voltak       ”

they would have been

Infinitive.

lenni, to be .

With the personal suffixes.

lennem, lenned, lennie

lennünk, lennetek, lenniök

Participles.

Present. való, levö, lévő

Past. volt

Future. leendő

Adverbial Participles.

levén , being, having been.

hinni, to believe.

Indicative.

Present.

Indefinite.

Definite.

hiszek ,

I believe

hiszem ,

I believe (it)

hiszesz ,

thou believest

hiszed ,

thou believest (it)

hisz ,

he believes

hiszi ,

he believes (it)

hiszünk ,

we believe

hisszük ,

we believe (it)

hisztek ,

you believe

hiszitek ,

you believe (it)

hisznek ,

they believe

hiszik ,

they believe (it)

Past.

hittem ,

I believed, &c.

hittem ,

I believed (it), &c.

hittél

hitted

hitt

hitte

hittünk

hittük

hittetek

hittétek

hittek

hitték

Future.

fogok hinni , &c.

fogom hinni , &c.

Imperative and Subjunctive.

Present.

Indefinite.

Definite.

higyjek

higyjem

higyj

higyjed

higyjen

higyje

higyjünk

higyjük

higyjetek

higyjétek

higyjenek

higyjék

Past.

hittem légyen

hittem légyen

hittél        ”       &c.

hitted        ”       &c.

Conditional.

Present.

hinnék , &c.

hinném , &c.

Past.

hittem volna

hittem volna

hittél        ”       &c.

hitted        ”       &c.

Infinitive.

hinni.

With personal suffixes.

hinnem, hinned, hinnie

hinnünk, hinnetek, hinniök

Participles.

Present. hivő

Past. hitt

Future. hiendő

Adverbial Participles.

hive hívén

enni, to eat.

Indicative.

Present.

Past.

Indefinite.

Definite.

Indefinite.

Definite.

eszem

eszem

ettem

ettem

eszel

eszed

ettél

etted

eszik , &c.

eszi , &c.

evett

ette , &c.

ettünk , &c.

Imperative and Subjunctive.

Conditional.

Indefinite.

Definite.

Indefinite.

Definite.

egyem

egyem

enném

enném

egyél

edd

ennél

ennéd

egyék , &c.

egye , &c.

ennék , &c.

enné , &c.

Participles.

Present. evő

Past. evett

Future. evendő or eendő

inni, to drink, resembles enni.

Indicative. Present.

Indicative. Past.

Imperative and Subjunctive.

Conditional.

Participles.

aludni (ik ), to sleep

alszom

aludtam

aludjam

aludnám

alvó

alszol

aludtál

aludjál

aludnál

alszik , &c.

aludt , &c.

aludjék , &c.

aludnék , &c.

feküdni (ik ), to lie down

fekszem , &c.

feküdtem , &c.

feküdjem , &c.

feküdném , &c.

fekvő

haragudni (ik ), to be angry

haragszom , &c.

haragudtam , &c.

haragudjam , &c.

haragudnám , &c.

haragvó

jönni , to come

jövök

jöttem

jöjjek

jönnék , &c.

jövő

jösz

jöttél , &c.

jöjj

jött

jön

jöjjön

jövendő

jövünk

jöjjünk or jerünk

jöttök

jöjjetek or jertek

jönnek

jöjjenek

menni , to go

megyek

mentem

menjek

mennék , &c.

menő

mész

mentél , &c.

menj

megy

menjen , &c.

megyünk

mentek

mennek

tenni , to do

teszek or teszem

tettem

tegyek or tegyem

tennék or tenném

tevő

tett

teendő

venni , to buy

} like tenni  throughout

vinni , to carry

IMPERSONAL VERBS

- esik, it rains.

- villámlik, it lightens.

- dörög, it thunders.

- havazik, it snows.

Some impersonal verbs require to be constructed with either a dative or an accusative.

- illik nekem, it is becoming for me.

- engem illet, it concerns me.

Among impersonal verbs may be reckoned the verb

kelleni, to be necessary.

This verb need not be used impersonally. Thus, a person may say kellek, I am needed, but its most frequent use is an impersonal one.

kell, it is necessary; (or, kellett, it was necessary, fog kelleni, kellene, &c.) is constructed either with the simple infinitive, or with the infinitive with personal endings. Thus, one may say—

- nekem kell irni or kell irnom, I must write.

- neked kell irni or kell irnod, thou must write, &c.

If the speaker is merely thinking of the necessity of some action, without referring it to any particular person, the infinitive with kell is alone used.

- Vigyázni kell, one must be careful.

- Levelet kell irni, a letter must be written.

If the action is referred to some person, it is better to use the infinitive with personal endings, than such a construction as nekem kell irni.

Examples.

- Tanulnia fog kelleni, he will have to learn.

- Dolgozniok kellene, they would have to work.

- Olvasnotok kellett, you had to read.

Szabad (it is permitted), and lehet (it is possible), take a similar construction.

- Szabad dohányozni, smoking is allowed.

- Szabad dohányoznom, I may smoke.

- Nem lehet két urnak szolgálni, one cannot serve two masters.

- Nem lehet irnom, I cannot write.

DEFECTIVE VERBS

(1) Nincs or nincsen, is not.

Plural: nincsenek, are not.

- Atyám nincs itt, my father is not here.

- Nincsenek itt a fiuk, the boys are not here.

Nincs must be translated by “have” or “has” when used with a noun or pronoun in the genitive case.

- Az atyám-nak nincs lova, my father has not a horse.

- Nekem nincs, I have not.

- Neked nincs, thou hast not, &c.

Nincs is a contraction of nem (not), and van (is).

(2) Sincs, sincsen; plural: sincsenek, are contractions of sem (neither), and nincs, nincsen, or nincsenek.

- A bátyám nincs itthon, my elder brother is not at home.

- Az atyám sincs, neither is my father.

(3) Jer (come thou along), jerünk (let us go), jertek (come you along), are the only forms of this verb.

EXERCISE IX.

Mindennap két órát sétálok. Másold le a költeményt a könyvből. Ha tudnám, hogy találkozom vele, várnék. A két művész zongorázni és hegedülni fog. Kérlek, ülj le. Álljatok fel, gyermekeim. Köszönjünk a vendégeknek. Anyám virágot hozat és koszorút köttet belőle. Tavaly két lovunk volt, a nyáron négy lesz.

I have written a long letter to my father. I told him what (amit) you said to me. He will be very angry, but I hope soon to conciliate him. Come into the garden. Sit here and drink a cup of tea. I would read to you if you would like it. Do not go out of the house. I am going for a walk until four o’clock.

mindennap ,

every day

óra ,

hour

sétálni ,

to walk

lemásolni ,

to copy

költemény ,

poem

tudni ,

to know

hogy ,

that

találkozni ,

to meet

várni ,

to wait for

művész ,

artist

zongorázni ,

to play the piano

hegedülni ,

to play the violin

kérni ,

to ask

leülni ,

to sit down

állni ,

to stand

gyermek ,

child

köszönni ,

to thank, to greet

vendég ,

guest

hozni ,

to bring

koszoru ,

wreath

kötni ,

to bind

tavaly ,

last year

nyár ,

summer

hosszu ,

long

remélni ,

to hope

megbékíteni ,

to conciliate

csésze ,

cup (a cup of tea, acc. csésze teát )

szeretni ,

to love, to like

FOOTNOTES:

[7] The regular ending is -t; e.g. várni (to wait for), which makes vár-t; but a connecting vowel often has to be used, and the -t is then doubled; e.g. ad-ni (to give) makes ad-ott.

[8] Note that the third person, present indicative, singular and plural, of sharp-sounding verbs takes -i, -ik, instead of -ja, -ják. In other tenses, however, sharp verbs resemble flat verbs.

CHAPTER X

THE ADVERB

1. Adverbs of Manner. These are mostly derived from adjectives, with the aid of the suffix -n, -an, -on, -en, -úl or -ül.

tiszta

(clean, clear),

adverb,

tisztá -n

szabad

(free)

”

szabad -on

rövid

(short)

”

rövid -en

rossz

(bad)

”

rossz -úl

The primitive adverbs of manner are:—

- így, thus, in this way (for things near).

- úgy, thus, in that way (for things farther).

2. Adverbs of Time.

ma ,

to-day

holnap ,

to-morrow

tegnap ,

yesterday

most ,

now

akkor ,

then

máskor ,

another time

mindig ,

always

soha ,

never

a múltban ,

in the past

a jövőben ,

in the future

későn ,

late

korán ,

early

már ,

already

reggel ,

in the morning

nappal ,

in the daytime

este ,

in the evening

éjszaka ,

in the night

gyakran ,

often

ritkán ,

seldom

időnként ,

from time to time

addig ,

until then

3. Adverbs of Place.

(a) Rest at—

itt ,

here

ott ,

there

ben ,

in

belől ,

inside

közel ,

near

messze ,

far

távol ,

far

kint, or künn, or kivűl ,

outside

valahol ,

somewhere

máshol ,

elsewhere

mindenhol ,

everywhere

lent ,

down there

fent ,

up there

(b) Motion towards or from.

ide ,

hither

oda ,

thither

föl or fel ,

up

le ,

down

addig ,

as far as there

be ,

into

ki ,

out of

máshova ,

elsewhere

mindenhova ,

everywhere

eddig ,

as far as here

4. Adverbs of Degree.

kevéssé or kissé ,

little.

inkább or jobban ,

more, rather.

leginkább ,

most.

egészen or teljesen ,

wholly, entirely.

nagyon ,

very, very much.

5. Adverbs of Interrogation.

hogy?

how?

mikor?

when?

hol?

where?

hova?

whither?

honnan?

whence?

miért?

why?

meddig?

how far? or, how long?

In connection with these adverbs must be mentioned the interrogative suffix -e, which is joined to words to mark a question; as, szép-e, esik-e.

This construction is only used, however, in dependent sentences (except in the case of ugy-e? Isn’t it so?).

- Mondd meg, szép-e a könyv? Tell me, is the book pretty? or, Tell me whether the book is pretty.

- Nézd meg, esik-e? See if it is raining.

6. Adverbs of Affirmation.

igen ,

yes

aligha nem ,

probably

bizony ,

verily

igazán ,

truly

talán ,

perhaps

7. Adverbs of Negation.

nem ,

no, not

ne ,

not (in commands)

sem ,

neither

semmi esetre ,

in no case

aligha ,

hardly.

Note.—Ne is only used with the imperative and subjunctive moods; as, ne mondd, do not say; hogy ne irjak, that I may not write. In all other cases nem is used.

The suffix -ig is used for both time and place, and has the force of until or as far as.

- tíz órá-ig, until ten o’clock,

- tíz percz-ig, for ten minutes.

- a kapu-ig, as far as the gate.

- a határ-ig, as far as the frontier.

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.

All adverbs derived from adjectives form their comparative and superlative by adding the adverbial ending to the comparative and superlative of the adjective from which they are derived: as—

Adjective:

szép ,

szebb ,

legszebb .

Adverb:

szép -en,

szebb -en,

legszebb -en.

Adjective:

rossz ,

rosszabb ,

legrosszabb .

Adverb:

rossz -úl,

rosszabb -úl,

legrosszabb -úl.

Of primitive adverbs, some take both a comparative and a superlative, while some are lacking in either one or the other.

távol ,

far;

távolabb ,

legtávolabb

erre ,

this way;

errébb

(has no superlative)

arra ,

that way;

arrább

”             ”

elől ,

in front;

legelől ,

foremost

(has no comparative)

belül ,

within;

legbelül ,

innermost

”             ”

Inkább has no positive, but is used only in the comparative and superlative, in both cases expressing preference.

- inkább, sooner, rather; leginkább, soonest, especially.

EXERCISE X.

Ha magyarul beszélsz, tisztán mondj ki minden hangot. Imre király nemesen győzte le öccsét, mikor ez álnokul támadta meg. “Jobb ma egy veréb, mint holnap egy túzok.” Nagyon sajnálom, hogy önök nem jöhetnek el. A dinnye belül piros, kivül zöld. A hangverseny tizenegy óráig tartott. Elkisérlek a sarokig. Szeretném tudni, eljösz-e? Ne lármázzatok! A katonák között a huszárok lovagolnak legszebben. Szent László mindig legelöl küzdött a csatában.

I like reading very much. You have come very late. I saw him yesterday, and hope to speak with him again to-morrow. Are you going far? As far as the bridge. When did you buy that horse? Tell me if he is a good one. You walk much more quickly than your elder brother. I would rather eat a pear.

magyarul ,

in Hungarian

beszélni ,

to speak

hang ,

sound

Imre ,

Emmeric

nemesen ,

nobly

legyőzni ,

to overcome

öcs ,

younger brother

álnokul ,

treacherously

megtámadni ,

to attack

tuzok ,

bustard

sajnálni ,

to regret

dinnye ,

melon

hangverseny ,

concert

tartani ,

to last

elkisérni ,

to accompany

sarok ,

corner

lármázni ,

to make a noise

huszár ,

hussar

lovagolni ,

to ride on horseback

szent ,

saint

László ,

Ladislas

küzdeni ,

to fight

csata ,

battle

CHAPTER XI

CONJUNCTIONS

(A.) CO-ORDINATING.

1. Copulative.

és[9] ,

and

meg ,

and

is ,

also

ismét ,

again

azaz ,

that is

vagyis ,

that is to say

azonkivül ,

besides

mind—mind ,

both—and

is—is ,

both—and

nemcsak—hanem is ,

not only—but also

aztán or azután ,

besides

2. Adversative (contrasting).

de or hanem ,

but

ámde ,

but, yet

egyébiránt ,

yet, still

sőt ,

on the contrary

sőt még is ,

what is more

mindamellett ,

nevertheless

3. Alternative.

vagy ,

or

vagy—vagy ,

either—or

akár—akár ,

whether—or

sem—sem ,

neither—nor

(B.) SUBORDINATING.

1. Final (purpose).

hogy ,

that

különben or máskép ,

lest

2. Conditional.

ha ,

if

hogyha ,

if

hacsak ,

if only

ha csak nem ,

unless, if not

föltéve ha ,

provided that, supposing

másként ,

if not, otherwise

3. Concessive.

- bár, habár, bárha, ámbár, noha, though, although.

4. Causal.

- mert, mivel, mivelhogy, because.

- hát, tehát, azért, consequently, therefore.

- minthogy, as, since.

FOOTNOTES:

[9] és is frequently abbreviated to s.

CHAPTER XII

INTERJECTIONS

éljen!

hurrah!

ejnye!

I say! bother!

lám! or nini!

there! look!

jaj!

oh! (pleased or pained)

rajta!

forward!

bezzeg!

indeed!

csitt!

quiet!

no!

well! come!

EXERCISE XI.

Az egri ütközetben nem a törökök győztek, hanem a magyarok. Nemcsak láttam a királyt, hanem beszélni is hallottam. Mátyás király soha sem haragudott az őszinte szóért, sőt még szerette is. A magyarok sem a latin sem a germán népekkel nem rokonok. Azért jöttem, hogy láthassalak. Habár késő ősz van, a napok derültek. A gazda örül mert kertjének fái sok gyümölcsöt hoztak. Jaj de hideg van! “Oh, ha látná, mily nyomorban élek” (Petőfi). Ejnye de szép lovak!

He is neither handsome nor clever. Not only were they not angry, but they were grateful. If they were rich they would buy a house, but since they are poor they must be content as they are. Pay at once, otherwise there will be trouble. Though you tell me this, yet there is still some uncertainty.

egri ,

of Eger (a town in Hungary)

ütközet ,

battle

török ,

Turk

derült ,

bright

örülni ,

to rejoice

nyomor ,

misery

győzni ,

to be victorious

hallani ,

to hear

Mátyás ,

Matthias

őszinte ,

sincere

nép ,

people

rokon ,

relative

késő ,

late

ősz ,

autumn

nap ,

day

élni ,

to live

okos ,

clever

hálás ,

grateful

megelégedni ,

to be content

fizetni ,

to pay

azonnal ,

at once

baj ,

trouble

némi ,

some

bizonytalanság ,

uncertainty

CHAPTER XIII

GENDER

The Hungarian language has no grammatical gender. Names of males are masculine, and those of females are feminine.

To the name or title of a man the suffix -né is added to denote the wife of that person: as, Deákné, the wife of Deák; szinészné, the wife of an actor. If the lady were herself an actress, she might be called szinész (actor or actress); but usually the word nő (woman) is joined to it, and to similar words, to denote that the person spoken of is a woman; as, szinésznő, actress.

If a Christian name is mentioned as well as the surname, the ending -né is added, not to the surname, but to the Christian name.

- Thus, Mrs. Déri would be Déri-né,

- but Mrs. Charles Déri would be Déri Károly-né.

N.B.—In Hungarian, Christian names always follow the surname instead of preceding it, as in English.

It would not be correct form to address Mrs. Déri as Dériné simply, though one might speak of her so in the third person. In addressing an envelope to her some such word as nagyságos, or urnő (madam), must be used.

- Thus, Nagyságos Dériné urnő, Dériné urnő, or Dériné ő nagysága.

It is better, if possible, to add the Christian name of the husband in addressing a married woman.

- Thus, Nagyságos Déri Károlyné.

In speaking to a lady the name is never mentioned. Instead of saying Mrs. or Miss So-and-so, some such word as asszonyom or nagysád (madam) must be used.

Asszonyom can only be used in addressing married women; nagysád can be used for either married or single.

In addressing a gentleman, it is customary to use his title or office, if he has one, e.g. titkár, secretary; tanár, professor; tanácsos, councillor; kapitány, captain, &c.

On an envelope: Nagyságos Győry Loránd miniszteri osztály tanácsos urnak (urnak is composed of ur, sir, and the suffix -nak, to).

In speaking to Győry Loránd one would say tanácsos ur.

The chief titles of courtesy employed are:—

- Ő Felsége, his or her Majesty.

- Ő Fensége, his or her Highness.

- Kegyelmes, or Nagyméltóságu, his Excellency (for ministers, privy councillors, &c.).

- Méltóságos (for such members of the House of Lords as are not styled kegyelmes, secretaries of State, and ministerial counsellors).

- Nagyságos (for most persons who in England would be addressed as esquire).

- Tekintetes (used for country gentlemen, but it is going out of use and giving place to nagyságos).

The sex of animals is expressed by placing hím (male), or nőstény (female), before the respective name; as—

- hím farkas, he-wolf.

- nőstény farkas, she-wolf.

CHAPTER XIV

ETYMOLOGY

New words are formed in two ways:—

(a) By means of suffixes called formatives.

(b) By putting two or more words together.

Those of the first class are called derivatives, and those of the second class compounds.

A derivative may take a further formative, in which case the derivative is called the primitive of the new word. In the following example each preceding word is the primitive or stem of the following derivative:—

- harc (substantive), battle.

- harc-i (adjective), pertaining to battle.

- harci-as (adjective), brave, warlike.

- harcias-kod (ni) (verb), to act in a warlike way.

- harciaskod-ás (abstract noun), the state of being at war.

- harciaskodás-i (adjective), pertaining to warlike behaviour.

This example shows how rich the Hungarian language is in its capacity for forming words and expressing the finer shades of meaning.

The principal formatives only are here given:—

I. Substantives are formed—

(a) By adding -ság, -ség to adjectives.

- jó-ság, goodness; szép-ség, beauty.

(b) By adding -ás, -és to verbs.

- vág-ás, the act of cutting; fest-és, the act of painting.

(c) By adding -as, -es, -os, -ár, -ér to substantives.

- asztal, table; asztal-os, joiner.

- kés, knife; kés-es, cutler.

- kád, tub; kád-ár, cooper.

(d) All present participles may be used as substantives.

- olvasó, reader; arató, reaper.

(e) Diminutives of substantives are formed by adding -ka, -ke, ocska, ecske, &c.

- leány-ka, a little girl; ablak-ocska, a small window.

II. Adjectives are formed by adding—

(a) -as, -os, -es, -ös to substantives.

- máz, enamel; máz-as, enamelled.

- arany, gold; arany-os, golden.

- hely, place; hely-es, proper.

- köd, fog; köd-ös, foggy.

(b) -talan or -telen to substantives, creating negatives.

- hely-telen, improper.

- virág-talan, without flowers.

(c) -i, especially to names of places.

- budapest-i, of or pertaining to Budapest.

- ház-i, domestic.

(d) Diminutives are formed by adding -s to adjectives ending with a vowel, or -es, -ás, -os to those ending with a consonant.

- sárga, yellow; sárgá-s, yellowish.

- öreg, old; öreg-es, elderly.

III. Verbs are formed by adding—

-al, -ol, -el, -oz, -ez to substantives.

- ház, house; ház-al (ni),[10] to peddle.

- dal, song; dal-ol (ni), to sing.

- tél, winter; tel-el (ni), to pass the winter.

- szalag, ribbon; szalag-oz (ni), to adorn with ribbons.

FOOTNOTES:

[10] ni is merely the infinitive ending.

CHAPTER XV

SYNTAX

As nouns and verbs have significant endings there is much greater freedom in the construction of sentences in Hungarian than in English. Thus we may say, Margit szereti Etelkát, or Etelkát szereti Margit, without altering or obscuring the sense of the words, which mean, Margit loves Etelka. The accusative ending -t clearly shows who is loved.

Again, Ilonát szeretik, or szeretik Ilonát, equally states that “they love Ilona,” for the plural ending of the verb shows that Ilonát is not its subject, while the accusative -t in Ilonát proves that Ilona is the object of the people’s affection.

Emphasis is expressed by the order in which words occur. Thus the above instance might be written, Szereti Etelkát Margit, if it is desired to lay stress on the fact of loving.

The general rule is that the word on which emphasis is laid immediately precedes the predicate, whether that predicate is a verb, or (as it may be in Hungarian) a substantive or an adjective.

The following examples illustrate this rule:—

- Egernél a magyar nők hősiesen küzdöttek a törökök ellen. Bravely fought the Hungarian women against the Turks at Eger.

- A magyar nők Egernél küzdöttek hősiesen a törökök ellen. At Eger the Hungarian women fought bravely against the Turks.

- A magyar nők a törökök ellen küzdöttek hősiesen Egernél. Against the Turks the Hungarian women fought bravely at Eger.

- Az angol nemzet most hatalmas a tengeren. Now the English nation is powerful on the sea.

- Most az angol nemzet a tengeren hatalmas. On the sea the English nation is now powerful.

- Most az angol nemzet hatalmas a tengeren. The English nation is now powerful on the sea.

If, in a sentence constructed in the present tense, the predicate is an adjective or a substantive, it follows the subject without any copula.

- Ilona szép, Ilona is beautiful.

- Az épület szálló, the building is an hotel.

If, however, any such statement has reference to a past or future time, then the appropriate tense of the verb “to be” must be placed after the predicate.

- Az épület szálló volt, the building was an hotel.

The verb van (is), with its various parts, when used as a copula between subject and predicate, always stands immediately after the predicate. Thus, if in the above sentence the order of subject and predicate were changed, the sentence would run: szálló volt az épület.

CHAPTER XVI

DAYS, MONTHS, AND SEASONS

Monday,

hétfő ,

Tuesday,

kedd ,

Wednesday,

szerda ,

Thursday,

csütörtök ,

Friday,

péntek ,

Saturday,

szombat ,

Sunday,

vasárnap .

On Monday,

hétfőn

”  Tuesday,

kedden

”  Wednesday,

szerdán

”  Thursday,

csütörtökön

”  Friday,

pénteken

”  Saturday,

szombaton

vasárnap alone takes no suffix. On Sunday = vasárnap simply.

Last Monday,

mult hétfő

On Monday last,

mult hétfőn

Next Monday,

jövő hétfő

On Monday next,

jövő hétfőn

January,

január

February,

február

March,

márczius

April,

aprilis

May,

május

June,

junius

July,

julius

August,

augusztus

September,

szeptember

October,

október

November,

november

December,

december

In January,

januárban

Last January,

mult január

In September,

szeptemberben

Next January,

jövő január

Spring,

tavasz ,

Summer,

nyár ,

Autumn,

ősz ,

Winter,

tél .

In Spring,

tavasszal ,

in Summer,

nyáron ,

in Autumn,

ősszel ,

in Winter,

télen .

CHAPTER XVII

MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES

The monetary unit is the korona = 10d., which is divided into 100 fillér.

s.

d.

Gold coins

20

korona

=

16

8

10

”

=

8

4

Silver coins

5

”

=

4

2

2

”

=

1

8

1

”

=

0

10

Nickel coins

20

fillér

=

0

2

10

”

=

0

1

Bronze coins

2

”

=

0

⅕

1

”

=

0

⅒

Paper money comprises notes for 10, 20, 50, 100, and 1000 korona.

N.B.—Many shopkeepers still reckon in the old florins and krajczárs. The purchaser should take care to ascertain whether the price marked is in florins or in korona.

1 florin

=

2 korona .

1 krajczár

=

2 fillér .

The decimal system of weights and measures is used in Hungary.

1 kilogramm

=

about 2 pounds.

1 kilométer

=

about 1100 yards.

1 liter

=

about 1¾ pints.

CHAPTER XVIII

PHRASES

Sundry Phrases.

Yes.

Igen.

Please.

Kérem, or tessék .

No.

Nem.

Thank you.

Köszönöm.

Sir.

Uram.

Madam.

Nagysád.

Good morning.

Jó reggelt.

Good evening.

Jó estét.

Good-night.

Jó éjszakát.

Good-bye.

Ajánlom magamat, or Isten önnel.

How are you?

Hogy érzi magát?

Do you speak English?

Beszél ön angolul?

I only know Hungarian a little.

Csak keveset tudok magyarul.

Do you understand me?

Megért ön engem?

I do not understand.

Nem értem.

I beg your pardon.

Bocsánatot kérek.

Please speak more slowly.

Kérem, beszéljen lassabban.

May one smoke here?

Szabad itt dohányozni?

May I come in?

Bejöhetek?

I wish to go to a doctor.

Orvoshoz szeretnék menni.

I am ill.

Beteg vagyok, or rosszul érzem magamat .

Send for a doctor.

Küldjön orvosért.

Open the door.

Nyissa ki az ajtót.

Shut the door.

Csukja be az ajtót.

No admittance.

Tilos a belépés.

Do not touch the objects.

Ne tessék a tárgyakhoz nyulni.

Keep off the grass.

A fűre lépni tilos.

Take care.

Vigyázzon, or tessék vigyázni .

Entrance.

Bejárat, or bemenet .

Exit.

Kijárat, or kimenet .

Travelling.

Where is the railway station?

Hol van a vasuti állomás?

Where is the booking-office?

Hol van a jegypénztár?

First-class single to Budapest.

Első osztályu menet jegyet Budapestre.

Second return to Budapest.

Másod osztályu menet-térti jegyet Budapestre.

How much is it?

Mi az ára?

I wish to have my luggage registered.

Szeretném a podgyászt ajánlva adni fel.

Where is the waiting-room?

Hol a váróterem?

At what time does the train start?

Mikor indul a vonat?

Does this train go to ——?

—— -be megy ez a vonat?

Is there room in this carriage?

Van ebben a kocsiban hely?

Is there a restaurant car on the train?

Van a vonaton étkező kocsi?

Sleeping-car.

Hálókocsi.

Smoking-carriage.

Dohányzó szakasz.

Non-smoking carriage.

Nem dohányzó szakasz.

Smoking forbidden.

Tilos a dohányzás.

Ladies’ compartment.

Női szakasz.

Shall I open the window?

Kinyissam az ablakot?

Please shut the window.

Kérem, csukja be az ablakot.

It is very warm.

Nagyon meleg van.

It is very cold.

Nagyon hideg van.

Do I have to change?

Át kell szállni?

What station is this?

Milyen állomás ez?

Fetch me a cab.

Hozzon kocsit.

What is your fare?

Mi a viteldij?

Drive me to the —— hotel.

Vigyen a —— szállóba.

At a Hotel.

I want a room.

Szobát szeretnék.

How much do you charge?

Mi az ára?

That is too dear.

Az nagyon drága.

I shall only stay one night.

Csak egy éjjelen át maradok itt.

I shall stay several days.

Több napig itt maradok.

This room will do.

Ez a szoba jó lesz.

What is the number of my room?

Mi a szobám száma?

Give me the key.

Adja ide a kulcsot.

Please have my luggage sent up.

Kérem, küldjék fel a podgyászomat.

I should like some hot water.

Meleg vizet kérek.

Bring me some more cold water.

Hozzon még hideg vizet.

Please bring me some soap.

Kérem, hozzon szappant.

Bring me a towel.

Hozzon egy törülközőt.

I want a hot bath.

Meleg fürdőt szeretnék.

I want a cold bath.

Hideg fürdőt szeretnék.

Please light a fire in my room.

Kérem, fűtsön be a szobámba.

Please bring a clothes brush.

Kérem, hozzon egy ruhakefét.

Please clean these boots.

Kérem, tisztítsa ki a czipőmet.

Please brush these clothes.

Kérem, kefélje ki a ruhámat.

Bring me some matches.

Hozzon gyufát.

Bring me a candle.

Hozzon egy gyertyát.

Knock at my door at 8 o’clock.

Kopogjon az ajtómon reggel nyolcz órakor.

I shall want breakfast at 7 o’clock.

Hét órára szeretném a reggelit.

Bring me my hot water at 7.30.

Félnyolczkor hozza be a meleg vizet.

Can I have something to eat now?

Kaphatok most valamit enni?

What is ready?

Mi van készen?

What do you charge for dinner?

Mi az ára az ebédnek?

I will take all meals at the hotel.

A szállóban fogok étkezni.

What do you charge per day for meals?

Mi a teljes ellátás ára egész napra?

Have any letters arrived for me?

Érkezett számomra levél?

Where can I get money changed?

Hol váltathatok pénzt?

I want these garments washed.

Szeretném ezt a fehérneműt kimosatni.

When will they be ready?

Mikor lesz készen?

Bring me the bill.

Hozza el a számlát.

Bring me a time-table.

Adjon egy menetrendet.

I want this luggage taken to the railway station.

Szeretném ezt a podgyászt az állomásra küldeni.

At Meals.

Good morning.

Jó reggelt kívánok.

Have you slept well?

Jól aludt?

Yes, thank you.

Köszönöm, jól.

I hope that you have slept well.

Remélem, jól aludt.

I was very tired last night.

Tegnap este nagyon fáradt voltam.

Waiter.

Pinczér.

Bring me some coffee.

Kávét kérek.

A roll.

Zsemle.

This bread is too new.

Ez a kenyér nagyon friss.

Have you some stale bread?

Van szikkadt kenyerük?

Some butter.

Vaj.

Milk and sugar, please.

Tejet és czukrot kérek.

Another cup of coffee.

Még egy csésze kávét.

Bring me a cup of tea.

Hozzon egy csésze teát.

At what time is dinner?

Hány órakor van az ebéd?

Dinner à la carte .

Ebéd étlap szerint.

Bring me some soup.

Hozzon levest.

What fish have you?

Miféle hal van?

Will you have some chicken?

Tetszik csirke?

Give me a wing.

Adjon egy szárnyát.

Some mashed potatoes.

Tört burgonya.

Potato salad.

Burgonya saláta.

Bring me a slice of mutton.

Hozzon egy szelet ürühúst.

I like it well done.

Jól átsülve szeretem.

It is too much done.

Ez nagyon meg van sütve.

It is quite underdone.

Ez egészen sületlen.

Bring me the wine list.

Adja ide az italjegyzéket.

I will have a bottle of claret.

Egy üveg vörösbort kérek.

A syphon of soda water, please.

Egy üveg szódavizet.

Bring me a glass of beer.

Hozzon egy pohár sört.

Prepare me an omelette.

Csináltasson egy omelettet (tojáslepényt).

Will you have some more wine?

Tetszik még bor?

No more, thank you.

Köszönöm, nem kérek.

Bring me the dessert.

Hozza ide a csemegét.

Give me some cheese.

Adja ide a sajtot.

A cup of black coffee, please.

Egy csésze fekete kávét kérek.

I would like some milk.

Tejet szeretnék.

Waiter, the bill, please.

Pinczér, a számlát kérem.

At the Post-office.

Where is the post-office?

Hol van a póstahivatal?

In —— street.

A —— utczában.

I want three penny stamps.

Kérek három tíz filléres bélyeget.

What is the postage on this letter?

Mennyi a póstadij ezért a levélért?

This is to go by book post.

Ezt mint könyvcsomagot akarom küldeni.

This is to go by parcel post.

Ezt csomagpóstával akarom küldeni.

A postal order for ten korona.

Póstautalvány tíz koronára.

Give me a telegram form.

Kérek egy sürgönylapot.

A registered letter.

Ajánlott levél.

I want this letter to be registered.

Szeretném ezt a levelet ajánlva feladni.

Shopping.

Where do they sell clothing?

Hol árulnak itt ruhanéműt?

That is a good shop.

Az jó bolt.

I want a new hat.

Uj kalapot szeretnék venni.

I want a pair of boots.

Egy pár czipőt szeretnék venni.

I want a shirt.

Inget szeretnék venni.

I want some handkerchiefs.

Néhány zsebkendőt szeretnék venni.

I want some collars.

Néhány gallért szeretnék venni.

I want some ties.

Néhány nyakkendőt szeretnék venni.

I want a stick.

Sétabotot szeretnék venni.

I want an umbrella.

Esernyőt szeretnék venni.

I want some socks, stockings.

Kapczát, harisnyát szeretnék venni.

I want some gloves.

Keztyüt szeretnék venni.

What is the price?

Mi az ára?

I want better ones.

Jobb minőségűt szeretnék.

I want cheaper ones.

Olcsóbbat szeretnék.

This will do.

Ez jó lesz.

Can you change this money?

Fel tudná ezt a pénzt váltani?

Where is there a watchmaker?

Hol van itt órás?

My watch has stopped.

Megállt az órám.

My watch wants cleaning.

Ki kell az órámat tisztítani.

The spring is broken.

A rúgó el van törve.

I want to go to the barber.

Szeretnék a borbélyhoz menni.

Please cut my hair.

Kérem, nyírjon meg.

Not too short.

Ne nagyon rövidre.

A shave, please.

Kérem, borotváljon meg.

I want some tobacco, cigars.

Dohányt, szivart, szeretnék venni.

I want some cigarettes, matches.

Cigarettát, gyufát, szeretnék venni.

I want a cigar-case.

Szivartartót szeretnék venni.

I want a tobacco-pouch.

Dohánytartót szeretnék venni.

Nothing more, thank you.

Köszönöm, mást nem kérek.

Will you please send these to my hotel.

Kérem, küldje el ezt a szállóba.

This is my address.

Ez a czimem.

Send them at once.

Kérem, küldje azonnal.

Sightseeing.

Where is the —— theatre?

Hol van a —— szinház?

What is being played?

Mit adnak?

I do not know.

Nem tudom.

At what time does the performance begin?

Mikor kezdődik az előadás?

What price are the seats?

Mi az ára a jegyeknek?

Is there a concert to-night?

Van ma este valami hangverseny?

I should like to go to a music hall.

Szeretnék valami orfeumba menni.

Whereabouts is the museum?

Merre van a muzeum?

Can you direct me to the picture gallery?

Meg tudná mondani az utat a képtárba?

I wish to go to the cathedral.

A székesegyházba szeretnék menni.

Where is the town park?

Hol van a Városliget?

Can I go there by tram?

Visz oda villamos vasut?

Does the tram go to ——?

—— be megy ez a villamos?

What is the fare?

Mit kell fizetni?

I will go for a walk.

Sétálni megyek.

Which are the best streets?

Melyek a legszebb utczák?

Where is —— street?

Hol van a —— utcza?

Turn to the right.

Tessék jobbra fordulni.

Turn to the left.

Tessék balra fordulni.

Straight on.

Egyenesen előre.

The zoological garden.

Az állatkert.

The fortress garden.

A várkert.

The Danube embankment.

A Dunapart.

Paying a Call.

Where does Mr. X. live?

Hol lakik X. ur?

No. 2 —— Street.

—— utcza második szám alatt.

He has a flat on the second floor.

A második emeleten van a lakása.

Ring the bell.

Csöngessen.

Knock at the door.

Kopogtasson.

Is Mr. Kovács at home?

Itthon van Kovács ur?

He is not at home.

Nincs itthon.

I will call again.

Majd eljövök ujra.

I will call at 3 P.M. to-morrow.

Holnap délután három órakor jövök el.

Yes, he is in.

Igen, itthon van.

I wish to see him.

Szeretnék vele beszélni.

Please take in my name.

Kérem, jelentsen be.

Please take in my card.

Vigye be a névjegyemet.

Good afternoon.

Jó napot kivánok.

Good evening, madam.

Jó estét kivánok, nagysád.

Pray be seated.

Kérem, foglaljon helyet.

How are you?

Hogy érzi magát?

I am quite well, thank you.

Köszönöm, jól.

I am very pleased to see you.

Nagyon örülök hogy láthatom.

When did you arrive in Hungary?

Mikor érkezett Magyarországba?

Will you stay long?

Sokáig szándékszik itt maradni?

Do you like your stay in Budapest?

Szeret Budapesten lenni?

Yes, it is a fine city.

Igen, nagyon szép város.

I must go now.

Most már mennem kell.

Good-bye.

Ajánlom magamat.

Au revoir.

A viszontlátásig.

Books and Stationery.

Have you a guide-book?

Kaphatok úti kézikönyvet?

Is it in English?

Angolul van?

I want a map.

Térképet szeretnék.

Can I see a directory?

Megnézhetem a lakjegyzéket?

I wish to buy a dictionary.

Szótárt szeretnék venni.

I want some notepaper.

Levélpapirost szeretnék venni.

A packet of envelopes.

Egy csomag levélboríték.

A box of pens.

Egy doboz írótoll.

A fountain pen.

Töltő toll.

Some pencils, please.

Néhány irónt (czeruzát) kérek.

A bottle of ink.

Egy üveg tinta.

Some blotting-paper.

Itatós papiros.

A stick of sealing-wax.

Egy rúd pecsétviasz.

I want some postcards.

Levelező lapokat kérek.

Some picture postcards.

Képes levelező lapokat.

A newspaper.

Hirlap, ujság.

A morning paper, please.

Kérem a reggeli lapot.

An evening paper.

Kérem az esti lapot.

An illustrated paper.

Képes lap.

Which is the best newspaper?

Melyik a legjobb hirlap?

Specimen Letter engaging a Room.

1. Tisztelt Uram,

2. Honoured Sir,

1. Folyó

2. The current

1. hó

2. month

1. 15. én

2. on the 15th

1. Budapestre

2. to Budapest

1. érkezem

2. I arrive

1. a

2. by the

1. délután

2. afternoon

1. 4 órai

2. 4 o’clock

1. vonattal

2. train

1. a

2. at the

1. nyugati

2. west

1. pályudvaron.

2. railway station.

1. Kérem,

2. Please

1. gondoskodjék

2. take thought

1. számomra

2. on my behalf

1. bérkocsiról,

2. regarding a cab,

1. és

2. and

1. tartson fenn

2. reserve

1. egy

2. a

1. jó

2. good

1. de

2. but

1. nem

2. not

1. nagyon

2. very

1. költséges

2. expensive

1. hálószobát.

2. bedroom.

1. Két

2. Two

1. hétig

2. weeks

1. (néhány

2. (a few

1. napig)

2. days)

1. szándékozom

2. I intend

1. Budapesten

2. in Budapest

1. maradni,

2. to remain,

1. és

2. and

1. étkezésre

2. for meals

1. mindig

2. always

1. a

2. in the

1. szállóban

2. hotel

1. leszek.

2. will be.

Tisztelettel,

With respect,

1. A. B.

The envelope would be addressed thus:—

1. A —— Szálló

2. —— Hotel

1. Tekintetes igazgatójának

2. To the manager

1. —— Utcza

2. —— Street

1. Budapest.

Uram

=

ur (sir) + am  (my).

15 én

=

15 + affix -én  (on).

Budapestre

=

Budapest + -re  (to).

órai

=

óra + adjectival suffix i.

vonattal

=

vonat + -al (by or with), the t  being duplicated.

pályudvaron

=

pályudvar + -on  (at).

számomra

=

szám (account) + -om (my) + -ra  (on).

bérkocsiról

=

bérkocsi + -ról  (as regards).

Budapesten

=

Budapest + -en  (in).

étkezésre

=

étkezés + -re  (for).

szállóban

=

szálló + -ban  (in).

tisztelettel

=

tisztelet + -(t)el  (with).

tekintetes

=

a courteous expression.

igazgatójának

=

igazgató (manager or director) + -ja (its) + nak  (to).

a —— szálló tekintetes igazgatójának

=

(literally) to the —— hotel’s honoured manager.

HUNGARIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

- ablak, window

- adni, to give

- ajtó, door

- állat, animal

- állni, to stand

- álnokul, treacherously

- anya, mother

- atya, father

- azonnal, at once

- baj, trouble

- bámulni, to admire

- bánya, mine

- barát, friend

- bátor, brave

- bátya, elder brother

- bér, wages

- beszélni, to speak

- beteg, ill

- birtok, estate

- bizonytalanság, uncertainty

- boldog, happy

- bolt, shop

- buzavirág, cornflower

- csak, only

- császár, emperor

- csata, battle

- csendes, quiet, still

- csésze, cup

- csinálni, to make, to do

- czukor, sugar

- dal, song

- délután, afternoon

- derült, bright

- dinnye, melon

- dolgozni, to work

- drága, dear

- drágakő, precious stone

- édes, sweet

- egészséges, healthy, well

- elfoglalni, to occupy, to take

- elkisérni, to accompany

- élni, to live

- elszállni, to fly away

- épület, building

- ércz, metal

- érdekes, interesting

- érett, ripe

- erős, strong

- értékes, valuable

- fehér, white

- fekete, black

- fényes, bright

- fizetni, to pay

- gazda, farmer

- gazdag, rich

- gazdaság, farm

- gondolat, thought

- gyermek, child

- gyönyörű, lovely

- gyors, swift

- győzni, to be victorious

- gyümölcs, fruit

- hálás, grateful

- hallani, to hear

- hamar, soon

- hanem, but

- hang, sound

- hangverseny, concert

- hat, six

- hatalmas, powerful

- ház, house

- házi, domestic

- hegedülni, to play the violin

- hegy, hill, mountain

- hétfő, Monday

- hirlap, newspaper

- hogy, that

- holnap, to-morrow

- hős, hero

- hosszú, long

- hozni, to bring

- hű, faithful

- huszár, hussar

- idős, old

- illat, scent

- irni, to write

- is, also

- iskola, school

- ismerni, to know (a person)

- istálló, stable

- itthon, at home

- íz, flavour

- kék, blue

- kellemes, pleasant

- kemény, hard

- kémény, chimney

- kenyér, bread

- kép, picture

- kérdezni, to ask

- kérni, to ask

- késő, late

- kis, little

- kivánni, to wish

- kocsi, coach

- költemény, poem

- könyv, book

- könyvtár, library

- kortárs, contemporary

- körte, pear

- köszönni, to thank, to greet

- koszoru, wreath

- kötni, to bind

- kutya, dog

- küzdeni, to fight

- lármázni, to make a noise

- látni, to see

- legyőzni, to overcome

- lemásolni, to copy

- lenni, to be

- leülni, to sit down

- liszt, flour

- lomb, foliage

- lovagolni, to ride on horseback

- macska, cat

- magas, high, tall

- magyarul, in Hungarian

- már, already

- még, still

- megbékiteni, to conciliate

- megelégedni, to be content

- megtámadni, to attack

- menni, to go

- mindennap, every day

- mindig, always

- mondani, to tell

- munka, work

- mutatni, to show

- művész, artist

- nagy, great

- nagyon, very, much

- nap, day, sun

- négy, four

- nem, no, not

- nemesen, nobly

- német, German

- némi, some

- nép, people

- nyár, summer

- nyomor, misery

- öcs, younger brother

- okos, clever, wise

- óra, hour, clock, watch

- öreg, old (for persons)

- ország, country

- örülni, to rejoice

- ősz, autumn

- őszinte, sincere

- palota, palace

- pápa, pope

- part, shore

- puska, gun

- régi, old (for things)

- remélni, to hope

- rét, meadow

- rokon, relative

- római, Roman

- rózsa, rose

- sajnálni, to regret

- sarok, corner

- sétálni, to walk

- sok, many, much

- szelid, gentle

- szent, saint

- szép, beautiful

- szerda, Wednesday

- szerencse, good luck

- szeretni, to like, to love

- szilva, plum

- szin, colour

- szolga, servant

- szomszéd, neighbour

- szorgalmas, industrious

- tágas, spacious

- takaró, covering

- találkozni, to meet

- tanuló, student

- tartani, to last

- tavaly, last year

- tehén, cow

- tekintélyes, imposing

- tető, roof, summit

- tiszta, clean, pure

- titok, secret

- tíz, ten

- török, Turk

- tudni, to know

- tuzok, bustard

- ülni, to sit

- utcza, street

- ütközet, battle

- van, is

- várni, to wait for

- vendég, guest

- villám, lightning

- vinni, to carry

- virág, flower

- virágos, flowery

- víz, water

- zöld, green

- zongorázni, to play the piano

ENGLISH-HUNGARIAN VOCABULARY

- actor, szinész

- afternoon, délután

- air, levegő

- almanac, naptár

- almond, mandula

- aluminium, aluminium

- amusement, mulatság

- angel, angyal

- animal, állat

- another, más, másik

- apple, alma

- apricot, sárgabaraczk

- arm, kar

- arrival, megérkezés

- art, művész

- artist, művészet

- asparagus, spárga

- attendance, kiszolgálás

- axle, tengely

- baby, kisbaba, csecsemő

- back, hát

- backward, hátrafelé

- back wheel, hátsó kerék

- bacon, szalonna, oldalas, füstölt hús

- bad, rossz

- bag, táska, utitáska

- bake (to), sütni

- baked, sült

- baker, pék

- ball, labda

- ball (dance), bál

- banana, banán

- band, zenekar

- bank, bank, pénzintézet

- barber, borbély, fodrász

- barley, árpa

- basin, medencze

- bath, fürdő

- bathe (to), fürödni

- bathroom, fürdőszoba

- bay, öböl

- beans, bab

- bear, medve

- beard, szakál

- beat (to), ütni, megverni

- bed, ágy

- bed (to go to), lefeküdni

- bedroom, hálószoba

- beef, marhahús

- beer, sör

- begin (to), kezdeni

- bell, csengetyű

- belt, öv

- bicycle, kerékpár, bicikli

- bill, számla

- bill of fare, étlap

- bird, madár

- biscuit, kétszersült

- bishop, püspök

- bitter, keserű

- black, fekete

- blanket, paplan, gyapjutakaró

- blotting-paper, itatós papiros

- blue, kék

- board, ellátás

- boat, csónak

- bodice, ruhaderék

- boil (to), főzni, forralni

- boiled, főtt

- book, könyv

- booking-office, jegypénztár

- bookseller, könyvkereskedő

- boot, czipő, csizma

- bootlaces, czipőkötő

- bootmaker, czipész, varga

- bottle, üveg

- box, doboz

- box (in the theatre), páholy

- boy, fiú

- braces, nadrág tartó

- brake (cycle), keresztrúd

- brandy, pálinka, konyak

- brass, sárgaréz

- bread, kenyér

- break (to), törni

- breakfast, reggeli

- breast, mell

- bridge, híd

- bright, fényes

- bring (to), hozni

- broom, seprő

- brother (elder), bátya

- ”       (younger), öcs

- brown, barna

- brush (clothes), ruhakefe

- ”       (hair), hajkefe

- ”       (nail), körömkefe

- ”       (tooth), fogkefe

- buffet, étterem

- bull, bika

- butter, vaj

- button, gomb

- buy (to), venni

- cab, bérkocsi

- cabbage, káposzta

- cabman, bérkocsis

- café, kávéház

- cake, sütemény

- calf, borju

- calico, perkál

- call (to), hívni

- camera, fényképező gép

- candle, gyertya

- candlestick, gyertyatartó

- cap, sapka

- cape, gallér, gallérköpeny

- carnation, szegfű

- carpet, szőnyeg

- carriage, kocsi, hintó

- carrot, sárgarépa

- cat, macska

- cathedral, székesegyház

- ceiling, mennyezet

- chain, láncz

- chair, szék

- chambermaid, szobaleány

- change money (to), pénzt váltani

- chapel, kápolna, templom

- cheap, olcsó

- cheese, sajt

- chemise, ing

- chemist, gyógyszerész

- chestnut, gesztenye

- child, gyermek

- chin, áll

- chocolate, csokolád

- choir, énekkar

- Christian, keresztény

- church, templom

- cigar, szivar

- cigar-case, szivartárcza

- cigarette, cigaretta, szivarka

- cigarette-case, cigaretta-tárcza

- city, város

- clean, tiszta

- clean (to), tisztítani

- clear, világos

- clergyman, pap, lelkész

- cloak, köpeny, felöltő

- cloakroom, ruhatár

- clock, toronyóra, falióra

- clothing, ruházat

- cloudy, felhős

- coal, szén, kőszén

- cocoa, kakao

- coffee, kávé

- cold, hideg

- cold (a), nátha, hurut

- cold (to be), fázni

- collar, gallér

- collar-stud, inggomb

- college, kollégium

- come (to), jönni

- concert, hangverseny

- confectioner, czukrász

- continent, kontinens, szárazföld

- copper, réz, vörösréz

- correct, helyes

- cottage, házikó, kunyhó

- cotton, gyapot, pamut

- couch, pamlag

- cough (to), köhögni

- county, vármegye

- country, ország, vidék, táj

- cow, tehén

- cream, tejszin

- cuffs, kézelő

- cup, csésze

- curtain, függöny

- custom-house, vámház

- cutlet, szelet, bordaszelet

- dance (to), tánczolni

- danger, veszély, veszedelem

- dangerous, veszélyes, veszedelmes

- dark, sötét

- date (on letters), keltezés

- daughter, leány

- day, nap, nappal

- dear, kedves, drága

- deer, őz

- departure, indulás

- dessert, csemege

- devil, ördög

- dictionary, szótár

- dine (to), ebédelni

- dinner, ebéd

- directory, czimjegyzék, lakjegyzék

- dirty, piszkos, szennyes

- do (to), tenni

- doctor, orvos, doktor

- dog, kutya

- door, ajtó

- down, le

- downhill, hegynek le

- draper, ruhakereskedő

- drawers, nadrág

- dress, ruha (nőiruha)

- dress (to), öltözni

- drink, inni

- drive (a), kocsizás

- duck, kacsa

- eagle, sas

- ear, fül

- early, korán

- earth, föld

- earthquake, földrengés

- eat (to), enni

- egg, tojás

- electric light, villamos lámpa

- electric tram, villamos vasút

- electroplated, ezüstözött

- embankment, folyópart, korzó

- emperor, császár

- empress, császárné

- empty, üres

- end, vég

- enough, elég

- entrance, belépés, bejárat, bemenet

- envelope, boríték, levélboríték

- evening, este

- exchange (to), kicserélni

- exhibition, kiállitás

- exit, kimenet, kijárás

- expensive, költséges, drága

- eye, szem

- eyeglasses, szemüveg

- face, arcz

- family, család

- far, messze, távol

- fare, fuvar, viteldíj

- farm, gazda

- farmer, gazdaság

- fast, gyorsan

- father, atya

- feel (to), érezni

- felt hat, nemez kalap

- ferry, átkelés

- field, mező

- fig, füge

- finger, ujj, kézujj

- fire, tűz

- firewood, tűzelő fa

- first-class, első osztályú

- fish, hal

- flannel, flanel

- flat (a), lakás

- floor, padló

- floor (1st, 2nd, &c.), emelet (I., II. stb.)

- flour, liszt

- flower, virág

- fog, köd

- food, táplálék, étel

- foot, láb

- football, rúgólabda

- forbidden, tilos

- forest, erdő

- forget (to), elfelejteni

- fork, villa

- fortress, vár, erőd

- forward, előre

- fountain, szökőkút

- fountain pen, töltő toll

- fowl, szárnyas, baromfi

- fox, róka

- free, szabad

- friend, barát, barátnő

- frock-coat, frakk

- front wheel, elsőkerék, homlokkerék

- fruit, gyümölcs

- fruiterer, gyümölcsárus

- fry (to), kirántani, zsirból, kisütni

- full, tele, teljes

- furnished, bútorozott

- game (a), játék

- game (birds, &c.), vad

- garden, kert

- gas, légszesz, gáz

- get up (to), fölkelni

- gipsy, czigány

- girl, leány

- give (to), adni

- glad (to be), örülni

- glass, üveg

- gloves, keztyü

- go (to), menni

- goat, kecske

- God, Isten

- gold, arany

- gold-plated, aranyozott

- goloshes, sárczipő

- good, jó

- grammar, nyelvtan

- grapes, szőllő

- grass, fű

- green, zöld

- greengrocer, zöldségárus

- grocer, fűszeres, fűszerkereskedő

- ground, talaj, föld

- guide-book, úti kézikönyv

- hail, jégeső

- hair, haj

- half, fél

- hall, csarnok, előcsarnok

- ham, sonka

- hammer, kalapács

- hand, kéz

- handkerchief, zsebkendő

- handle, fogó, fogantyú

- happy, boldog

- hard, kemény

- hare, nyúl

- hat, kalap

- hatter, kalapos

- head, fej

- headache, fejfájás

- health, egészség

- heart, szív

- heaven, ég, mennyország

- heavy, nehéz

- hell, pokol

- hill, halom, hegy

- home, otthon

- hope (to), remélni

- horse, ló

- horse-radish, torma

- hot, forró

- hotel, szálló, vendéglő

- house, ház

- hungry, éhes

- hunt (tó), vadászni

- hurt (tó), megsérteni, megbántani

- husband, férj

- hymn, szentének

- hymn-book, enekeskönyv

- ice, jég

- ice-cream, fagylalt

- ill, beteg

- indiarubber, gummi

- indigestion, emésztési zavar, gyomorrontás

- injury, sérülés, sebesülés

- ink, tinta

- inn, kocsma, fogadó

- interesting, érdekes

- iron, vas

- island, sziget

- jam, íz, lekvár

- Jew, zsidó

- jewel, ékszer

- jeweller, ékszerész

- jug, korsó

- key, kules

- kidney, vese

- king, király

- knife, kés

- knock (to), kopogtatni

- lace, csipke

- lager beer, ászok-sör

- lamb, bárány

- lamp, lámpa

- land, ország, föld

- landlady, háziasszony

- landlord, háziúr

- language, nyelv

- large, széles, nagy, tágas

- late, késő, későn

- laundry, mosó intézet

- lavatory, árnyékszék

- leather, bőr

- leg, lábszár

- lemon, czitrom

- lemonade, czitromos viz

- letter, levél

- level, színvonal

- lie down (to), lefeküdni

- lift, felvonó gép

- light, világos

- lily, liliom

- lily of the valley, gyöngyvirág

- limb, tag

- line, sor

- linen, vászon

- liqueur, likőr, édes pálinka

- little, kis, kicsi

- live (to), élni

- liver, máj

- lodging, lakás

- long, hosszu

- looking-glass, tükör

- luggage, podgyász

- lungs, tüdő

- mackintosh, esőköpeny

- man, ember, férfi

- map, térkép

- market, vásár, piacz

- matches, gyufa

- meal, étkezés

- meat, hús

- medicine, orvosság, gyógyszer

- melon, dinnye

- mend (to), javítani

- messenger, küldött

- metal, ércz, fém

- milk, tej

- milk jug, tejeskancsó

- milliner, divatárusnő

- mine, bánya

- mineral, ásvány

- mineral water, ásvány víz

- mistake, tévedés, hiba

- money, pénz

- money-changer, pénzváltó

- month, hónap

- monument, szabor, emlékoszlop

- moon, hold

- more, több

- morning, reggel

- mother, anya

- mountain, hegy

- moustache, bajusz

- mouth, száj

- much, sok

- muddy, sáros

- museum, múzeum

- mushroom, gomba

- music, zene

- music hall, zenecsarnok, orfeum

- mustard, mustár

- mutton, ürü

- nail, szeg

- nail (finger), köröm

- name, név

- near, közel

- neck, nyak

- necktie, nyakkendő

- needle, varrótű

- new, uj

- newspaper, ujság, hirlap

- night, éjjel, éjszaka

- nightshirt, hálóing

- no, not, nem, ne

- nose, orr

- note, jegyzet

- note-book, jegyzőkönyv

- notepaper, levélpapiros

- novel, regény

- number, szám

- nut, dió

- oat, zab

- ocean, oceán, világtenger

- office, hivatal

- official, hivatalos

- oil, olaj

- old, öreg (person), régi (object)

- omnibus, társaskocsi, omnibusz

- open (to), kinyitni

- opera, opera, dalmű, dalszinház

- opera-glass, látcső

- orange, narancs

- orchestra, zenekar

- overcoat, felöltő

- owl, bagoly

- ox, ökör

- pair, pár

- paper, papiros

- parasol, napernyő

- parcel, csomag

- park, park

- pastry, sütemény

- pay (to), fizetni

- peach, őszibaraczk

- pear, körte

- peas, borsó

- pedal, pedál

- pen, toll, írótoll

- pencil, irón, czeruza

- pepper, bors

- petticoat, alsószoknya

- permitted, megengedett, megengedve

- photograph, fénykép

- piano, zongora

- picture, kép, festmény

- picture-gallery, képtár

- pie, pástétom

- piece, darab

- pig, disznó

- pin, tű, gombostű

- pineapple, ananász

- pink, rózsaszin

- pipe, pipa

- place, hely

- plan, terv

- planet, bolygv

- plate, tányér

- play (a), szindarab

- play (to), játszani

- play the piano (to), zongorázni

- play the violin (to), hegedülni

- pleasant, kellemes

- please, kérem, tessék

- please (to), tetszeni

- plum, szilva

- pocket, zseb

- pocket-book, zsebkönyv

- pocket-knife, zsebkés, tollkés

- policeman, rendőr

- police station, rendőrség

- polish (to), csiszolni, fényesíteni

- polite, udvarias

- poor, szegény

- pork, disznóhús

- porter, hordár

- portmanteau, bőrönd

- post (to), postára adni

- postage stamp, levélbélyeg

- postcard, levelezőlap

- postman, levélhordó, póstás

- post-office, postahivatal

- potato, burgonya

- poultry, szárnyas

- pray (to), imádkozni

- prayer-book, imakönyv

- preach (to), prédikálni

- preacher, hitszónok

- price, ár

- priest, pap

- programme, szinlap

- prohibited, tilos

- queen, királyné

- quick, gyors

- quickly, gyorsan

- railway, vasut

- railway station, vasuti állomás

- rain, eső

- rain (to), esni

- raisin, malagaszőlő

- read (to), olvasni

- ready, kész, készen

- red, piros, vörös

- refreshments, frissitők

- register (to), ajánlani

- registered, ajánlott

- remember (to), emlékezni

- rent, házbér, lakbér

- repair (to), javitani

- rest (to), pihenni

- restaurant, vendéglő

- return ticket, térti jegy

- rice, rizs

- rich, gazdag

- ride (to), lovagolni, kocsizni

- right, helyes, igaz

- right (to the), jobbra

- ring, gyürü

- ring (to), csengetni

- river, folyó

- road, út

- roast (to), sütni

- roast beef, marhasült

- roll (a), zsemle

- roof, tető

- room, szoba

- room (space), hely

- rose, rózsa

- rough, durva

- run (to), szaladni, futni

- saddle, nyereg

- sailor, hajós, tengerész

- salad, saláta

- salt, só

- sand, homok

- sauce, mártás

- saucer, csészealj

- saucepan, lábas

- say (to), mondani

- scenery, tájék, kilátás

- scent, illatszer

- school, iskola

- science, természettudomány

- screw, csavar

- sea, tenger

- sealing-wax, pecsétviasz

- seat, ülés

- see (to), látni

- second-class, másodasztályú

- sell (to), eladni

- send (to), küldeni

- servant, cseléd

- serviette, asztalkendő

- shawl, sál, nagykendő

- sheep, juh

- ship, hajó

- shirt, ing, férfiing

- shoe, czipő, félczipő

- shop, bolt, üzlet

- short, rövid

- shoulder, váll

- shut (to), becsukni, bezárni

- silk, selyem

- silver, ezüst

- silver-plated, ezüstözött

- sing (to), énekelni

- singer, énekes

- single ticket, menetjegy

- sister, nővér

- sit (to), ülni

- skate (to), koresolyázni

- sky, ég

- sleep (to), aludni

- sleeping-car, hálókocsi

- sleepy, álmos

- sleeve, ruhaujj

- sleeve-links, kézelőgomb

- slice, szelet

- slip (to), kicsúszni

- slipper, papucs

- slow, lassú

- slowly, lassan

- small, kis, kicsi

- smoke, füst

- smoke (to), dohányozni, füstöln

- smooth, síma

- snake, kigyó

- snow, hó

- soap, szappan

- socks, kapcza, férfiharisnya

- soda water, szódavíz, szíkvíz

- sofa, pamlag, kanapé

- soft, puha, lágy

- soldier, katona

- solid, szilárd

- son, fiú

- song, ének

- sorry, szomoru

- soup, leves

- sour, savanyú

- sparrow, veréb

- speak, beszélni

- spectacles, szemüveg

- spirits, szesz

- spokes, küllők

- sponge, szivacs, spongya

- spoon, kanál

- spring (of water), forrás

- springs, rúgók

- square, négyszögletű, tér

- stable, istálló

- stag, szarvas

- stairs, lépcső

- stand (to), állni

- star, csillag

- station, állomás

- stationer, papirkereskedő

- statue, szobor

- steak, szelet, pecsenye

- steal, lopni

- steam, gőz

- steamboat, gőzhajó

- steel, aczél

- steep, meredek

- stockings, harisnya

- stone, kő

- storm, vihar

- story, elbeszélés, történet

- strawberry, szamócza, földieper

- straw hat, szalmakalap

- street, utcza

- sugar, czukor

- sugar-basin, czukortartó

- sun, nap

- supper, vacsora

- sweet, édes

- sweets, édesség, czukor

- swim (to), úszni

- swimming-bath, uszoda

- table, asztal

- tablecloth, asztalteritő, abrosz

- table-d’hôte, közösasztal

- take (to), venni, kivenni, elvenni

- tame, szelíd, szelídített

- taste (to), izlelni

- tea, tea

- teapot, teáskanna

- telegram, sürgöny, távirat

- telegram form, sürgönylap

- tell (to), mondani

- tennis, tenisz

- theatre, színház

- think (to), gondolni, gondolkozni

- third-class, harmadosztályú

- thirsty, szomjas

- thought, gondolat

- throat, torok

- throw (to), dobni

- ticket, jegy

- time, idő

- time-table, menetrend

- tired, fáradt

- toast, pirított kenyér

- tobacco, dohány

- tobacco-pouch, dohánytartó

- to-day, ma

- toe, lábujj

- toll, vám, hidvám

- to-morrow, holnap

- tongue, nyelv

- tooth, fog

- toothache, fogfájás

- tooth powder, fogpor

- towel, törülköző

- town, város

- train, vonat

- tram, lóvasut

- tray, tálcza

- tree, fa

- trousers, nadrág

- true, igaz

- turnip, fehérrépa

- turkey, pulyka

- tyre, kerékabroncs

- umbrella, esernyő

- underdone, sületlen

- undervest, gyapjuing

- understand (to), érteni, megérteni

- university, egyetem

- uphill, hegynek föl

- valet, inas, komornyik

- valley, völgy

- veal, borjuhús

- vegetables, zöldség, főzelék

- village, falu

- vinegar, eczet

- violin, hegedű

- visit (to), meglátogatni

- visiting-card, névjegy

- volcano, tűzhányó hegy

- waist, derék

- waistcoat, mellény

- wait (to), várni

- waiter, pinczér

- waiting-room, váróterem

- walk (to), sétálni

- walking-stick, sétabot

- wall, fal

- walnut, dió

- wardrobe, ruhaszekrény

- warm, meleg

- wash (to), mosni, mosdani

- washstand, mosdó asztal

- watch, zsebóra

- watchmaker, órás

- water, víz

- weak, gyönge

- weather, időjárás

- week, hét

- weight, súly

- well, jól

- well done (in cooking), jól átsült

- wheat, búza

- wheel, kerék

- whisky, whisky

- whistle (to), fütyülni

- white, fehér

- whole, egész, teljes

- wick, lámpabél

- wide, széles

- widow, özvegy

- wife, feleség

- wild, vad

- wind, szél

- window, ablak

- wine, bor

- wine-list, borjegyzék

- wing, szárny

- wish (to), kivánni

- wolf, farkas

- woman, asszony

- wood, fa

- wool, gyapju

- word, szó

- world, világ

- wrong, helytelen, rossz

- year, év, esztendő

- yellow, sárga

- yes, igen

- yesterday, tegnap

- young, fiatal

- youth, fiatalember, ifju

- zoological garden, állatkert

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Table of Contents

HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR

CHAPTER I THE ALPHABET

Vowels.

Consonants.

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER II THE ARTICLE

Exercise I.

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER III THE NOUN

Number.

Exercise II.

Cases of the Noun.

The Genitive.

VAN. VANNAK.

Exercise III.

The Dative.

The Accusative.

Contraction.

Exercise IV.

CHAPTER IV PERSONAL SUFFIXES

(A.) Where the Object possessed is Singular.

(B.) Where the Objects possessed are more than one.

Exercise V.

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER V SUFFIXES FOR PLACE, DIRECTION, ETC.

(a) Suffixes indicating Place where.

(b) Suffixes answering the Question whither.

(c) Suffixes answering the Question whence.

Other Suffixes.

CHAPTER VI POSTPOSITIONS

Other Postpositions.

Exercise VI.

CHAPTER VII THE ADJECTIVE

Comparison of Adjectives.

Numerals

The Time.

Exercise VII.

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER VIII THE PRONOUN

1. Personal Pronouns.

The Possessive Pronoun.

2. Reflexive Pronouns.

The Use of the Second Person.

3. Relative Pronouns.

4. Interrogative Pronouns.

5. Demonstrative Pronouns.

6. Definite Pronouns.

7. Indefinite Pronouns.

Exercise VIII.

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER IX THE VERB

IKTELEN VERBS.

Verbs with Sharp Vowels.

IKES VERBS

Notes on the Verb in General.

IRREGULAR VERBS

IMPERSONAL VERBS

DEFECTIVE VERBS

Exercise IX.

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER X THE ADVERB

Comparison of Adverbs.

Exercise X.

CHAPTER XI CONJUNCTIONS

(A.) Co-ordinating.

(B.) Subordinating.

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XII INTERJECTIONS

Exercise XI.

CHAPTER XIII GENDER

CHAPTER XIV ETYMOLOGY

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XV SYNTAX

CHAPTER XVI DAYS, MONTHS, AND SEASONS

CHAPTER XVII MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES

CHAPTER XVIII PHRASES

Sundry Phrases.

Travelling.

At a Hotel.

At Meals.

At the Post-office.

Shopping.

Sightseeing.

Paying a Call.

Books and Stationery.

Specimen Letter engaging a Room.

HUNGARIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

ENGLISH-HUNGARIAN VOCABULARY

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