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Title: A new, practical and easy method of learning the Portuguese language

Author: F. Ahn

Release date: October 11, 2024 [eBook #74563]

Language: English

Original publication: London: Franz Thimm

Credits: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW, PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD OF LEARNING THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE ***

A NEW

PRACTICAL

AND EASY METHOD

OF LEARNING THE

PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE.

AFTER THE SYSTEM

OF

F. AHN,

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AND PROFESSOR

AT THE COLLEGE OF NEUSS.

LONDON:

FRANZ THIMM,

FOREIGN PUBLISHER,

3 BROOK STREET,

GROSVENOR SQUARE. W.

1857.

PREFACE.

“Learn a foreign language as you learned your mother-tongue.” It is the way that nature herself follows, it is the same which the mother points out in speaking to her child, repeating to it a hundred times the same words, combining them imperceptibly and succeeding in this way in making it speak the same language she speaks. To learn in this manner is no longer a study, it is an amusement. This is in a few words the Method which Prof. Ahn has so successfully adopted in his continental Grammars.

The Editor of this Grammar has followed the rational System, which has already procured for Prof. Ahn a European reputation, and he has adopted it for the Study of the Portuguese Language. He is greatly indebted to the excellent Grammars by Bösche, Müller, etc., which he has used for the ground work of this Grammar and it is hoped that its simplicity and utility will procure for it that favour, which the German, French, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, Danish, Dutch and Latin Grammars of Prof. Ahn have already found in the Colleges and Schools of England.

The Editor.

The Copyright for England, France

and Germany is secured.

INDEX.

FIRST COURSE.

Page

The Pronunciation

1

PART I.

Declension of the definite Article

7

Declension of the indefinite Article

8

Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions

9

On the Gender

10

Masculine

10

Feminine Substantive

11

Formation of the Plural

14

Declension of Substantives

18

The Adjective

20

The Plural of Adjectives

21

The Comparison of Adjectives

23

Irregular Comparisons

24

Declension of the Adjective

24

The Numbers

26

1. The Cardinal Numbers

26

2. The Ordinal Numbers

27

3. Fractional Numbers

27

4. Proportional Numbers

28

5. Collective Numbers

28

Pronouns

30

1. Personal Pronouns

30

2. Conjunctive Pronouns

31

3. Mixed Pronouns

31

4. Possessive Pronouns

33

5. Demonstrative Pronouns

34

6. Relative Pronouns

35

7. Interrogative Pronouns

36

8. Indefinite Pronouns

37

PART II.

Collection of Words

41

Easy Dialogues

47

SECOND COURSE.

Verbs

58

The Auxiliary Verbs

58

The Regular Verbs

69

Active Verbs

69

The Passive Verbs

79

The Neuter Verbs

79

The Reflective Verbs

80

Irregular Verbs

84

Impersonal Verbs

107

Adverbs

108

1. Adverbs of Time

108

2. Adverbs of Place

108

3. Adverbs of Number and Comparison

108

4. Adverbs of Manner and Kind

109

5. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation

109

Prepositions

111

Conjunctions

113

Interjections

114

Reading Lessons

115

Idiomatic Expressions

with Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc.

121

FIRST COURSE.

The Pronunciation.

1. The Alphabet.

The Portuguese Alphabet is composed of the 25 following letters:

pronounced

pronounced

a

ah

n

ennay

b

bay

o

o

c

say

p

pay

d

day

q

kay

e

ai

r

erray

f

effay

s

essay

g

jay

t

tay

h

aghah

u

oo

i

ee

v

vay

j

dshod

x

shees

k

kah

y

ypsilon

l

ellay

z

zea

m

emmay

There are six vowels: a, e, i, o, u and y, the rest are consonants.

2. The Accent.

The Portuguese language has several accents:

- the ʹ acute accent,

- the ^ circumflex accent,

- the ~ hyphen, called til, is set over some letters

- as a substitute for m, as:

- lã for lam

- bẽ for bem

- huã for huam.

3. The Vowels.

A 1. is pronounced like the a in the English word path, when it has the acute accent ´:

- chá, tea

- dá,  he gives

- lá,   there.

2. is it pronounced short and clear like the a in father:

capitão, the captain (first a),

or if found before the double consonants: cc, ll, mm, nn, pp, ss, tt, as:

- acclamar, to call out

- annullar, to annull

- alludir, to allude

- appellar, to appeal.

3. it has a soft and aspirated sound at the end of words if not accentuated: vergonha, the shame. If the hyphen ~ til stands over the a it takes a nasal sound:

- irmãa (pr. irmāng), the sister

- lã (pr. lāng), the world.

E has three sounds:

1. open but short like ai in the English word hail, when with the acute accent ´ as:

- pé, foot

- fé, belief

- sé,

or in:

- mel, honey

- he, he is

- quero (pr. kayro), I will,

or in those verbs ending in er:

- conhecer, to know

- receber, to receive.

2. long, when with the circumflex ^ over it, as:

- lê, he reads

- vê, he sees

- rêde, the net.

3. It is almost mute at the end of words without the accent, as:

- liberdade, liberty

- amizade, friendship.

I is pronounced like e in the English word me, and it is only the accent that determines the pronunciation, as:

- tímido,

- timoré,

- difficil,

- javalí.

O has three sounds:

1. clear and strong in:

- mólho,

- dó.

2. soft and long in:

- bôlo, cake

- gôrdo, fat

- rapôsa, the fox (fem.).

3. quite short, almost like oo in:

- poder, to be able

- molho, a bundle almost pronounced like

- molyou.

U is pronounced like the oo in the word wood, but the pronunciation depends much upon the length of the syllables, f. i. in túmulo, the grave, the first u is long, the second is short. If provided with the til ~ and before m and n it takes the nasal sound.

If it follows after g and q, it is either aspirated, or it is quite mute, as:

- guerra (gerrah), war

- quero (kayro), I will

- quieto (key-eh-to), quite.

In qual, it is slightly sounded to distinguish it from the Noun cal, the chalk.

Y is pronounced like the vowel I.

4. The Consonants.

B is pronounced like the English B.

C before a, o, u, l and r is pronounced like k, as:

- cavallo (kahvallo), the horse

- cravo (krahvo), the pink

- cuidado (kooeedado), the care.

- Before e and i it sounds like s, as:

- ceo (sayo), heaven

- cigarro (seegarro), cigar.

- If the c before a, o, u has a cedille (ç)

- it sounds like s, as:

- caça (kassah), chase

- aço (asso), the steel

- açucar (assookar), sugar.

- The double c, is distinctly heard only before e and i,

- the first sounds like k, the second like s, as:

- accidente (akseedente), the accident.

D is pronounced like the English.

F            do.               do.

G before a, o and a consonant is pronounced like the English g, as:

- gordo, fat

- gravo, grave.

g before e and i sounds like the j in the English word joy, as: general.

gua almost sounds like the English wa, as:  guarda, pr. gwarda.

H is only softly aspirated in few words, as:

- anhelar,

- hálito;

- otherwise it is mute, as:

- homem (omem), man

- hora (ora), hour.

- Many writers drop the h at the beginning

- and write um, uma,

- instead of: hum, huma.

J is pronounced like the English j.

K only occurs in foreign words and is pronounced like the English K.

L is pronounced like the English L.

M at the beginning of words, or between two vowels when it belongs to the second syllable, is pronounced like the English m, as:

- menino, child

- amar, to love.

It takes a nasal sound at the end of words, or when it follows after a, e, i, o or u which cannot well be described, as:

- condição, condition

- bem (bang), well

- bom (bong), good.

N is pronounced like the English n, but has the same peculiarities as m.

P is pronounced as in English.

Q sounds like k, as: quero (kayro), I will.

R is pronounced as in English.

S is pronounced as in English; between two vowels it sounds like z.

T is pronounced like the English.

V            do.               do.

X has three sounds.

1. It sounds generally like sh, as:

- xarope (sharope), syrup

- enxaqueca (anshakeykah), headake.

2. After e it is pronounced like ks, as:

- extenção,

- extenuado,

- expulso,

- excellente.

3. Between two vowels it is pronounced like gz, as:

- exactamente,

- exornar,

- except in:

- paixão,

- puxo,

- Alexandre,

- baixo,

- and some other words, where it sounds like sh.

The x must be pronounced so softly that it is scarcely audible.

Z sounds like the English, as:

- zelo,

- zona.

- At the end of words it sounds like s, as:

- rapaz,

- luz,

- voz.

5. Double Consonants.

The Portuguese language has the following double consonants:

Ch 1. is pronounced like the English ch, as:

- acho,

- chaga,

- marchar.

2. it is pronounced like k in words derived from Latin or Greek, as:

- monarchia,

- archeo,

- archonte,

- Achilles.

Lh is pronounced like the ll in the English word “billiards” or in the French words “fille, bouilli”,as:

- mulher, woman

- mólho, the bundle.

Nh is pronounced like the French gn in “espagne, peigner”, as:

- ganho, I win

- banho, bath

- manha, trick.

Ph is pronounced like f, as: philosophia.

Rh and Th are pronounced like r and t.

6. The Diphthongs.

The Portuguese language has two kinds of diphthongs:   the pure, those which are distinctly pronounced, and the nasal diphthongs, pronounced with a nasal sound.

Pure Diphthongs.

- ae, as:

- taes,

- olivaes.

- ai (the a and i do not blend), as:

- pai (pa-i),

- ai (a-i).

- ao, as:

- páo (pa-o),

- máo (ma-o).

- au, as:

- aula,

- auto,

- pauta,

- causa.

- ei, ey, as:

- rei,

- rey,

- lei,

- sei.

- éi, as:

- papéis,

- réis.

- eo, as:

- deo,

- mordeo,

- viveo.

- éo, as:

- Céo,

- véo,

- réo.

- eu, as:

- eu,

- euro,

- meu,

- seu.

- io, as:

- pio,

- rio,

- vio,

- ouvio.

- oa, as:

- loa,

- toa.

- oe, as:

- heroe,

- dóe,

- róe.

- oi, as:

- boi.

- ôo, oo, as:

- vôo,

- sôo,

- môo.

- ou, as:

- ou,

- ouvir,

- douto.

- ui, uy, as:

- fui,

- Rui.

- In the above the first vowel is preeminent,

- in the following the second vowel has most emphasis.

- ea, as:

- lactea,

- área.

- eo, as:

- lacteo,

- arboreo.

- ia, as:

- gloria.

- oa (pron. oâ and oá), as:

- agoa,

- coadura,

- coalho.

- ui (pron. ui), as:

- quirinal,

- inquirir.

- uo (pron. uó), as:

- equoreo.

- uu (pron. uú), as:

- equuleo.

Nasal Diphthongs.

- ãa (bad orthography am or an), as:

- maçãa (mas-sang), apple,

- irmãa (ir-mang), sister.

- ãe (bad aem, aen), as:

- capitães (kapeeta-engs), captains,

- cães (ka-engs), dogs.

- am, as:

- amparo (ang-paro), protection.

- an, as:

- andar (ang-dar), to go.

- ão (bad orthogr. aõ, am, an), as:

- captião, captain.

- em, ẽe, ẽem, as:

- lem or lẽem (lay-eng), they read,

- bem, good.

- im, as:

- fim (fing), the end.

- õe (oem, oen), as:

- põe (pong-eng),

- nações (nahs-so-engs).

- om, as:

- bom (bong), good.

- um, un, as:

- mundo (moong-do), the world.

- The Portuguese have also syllables of three vowels such, as:

- eei,

- éio,

- eão,

- ião,

- as:

- eia, hallo!

- meia, half

- ideia, idea

- rodeão, they surround

- vivião, they lived.

PART I.

1.

o,

the (masc.)

irmão,

brother

a,

the (fem.)

irmãa,

sister

pai,

father

e,

and

mãi,

mother

he,

is

bom(m.),

boa (f.), good

Exercises.

O pai. A mãi. O irmão. A irmãa. O pai he bom, e a mãi he boa. O bom pai, a boa mãi. O bom irmão, a boa irmãa. O irmão he bom, a irmãa he boa.

2.

- meu, minha, my

- alto, great

- pequeno, little.

The sister is good. The father and the good brother. The good mother and the little sister. The great brother. My brother is little. My little brother. My mother and my good sister. My father and my mother. My good mother and my little sister.

3.

Declension of the definite Article.

Masculine.

Singular.

Plural.

Nom.

o,

the

os

Gen.

do,

of the

dos

Dat.

ao,

to the

aos

Acc.

o,

the

os

Abl.

do,

from the.

dos.

Feminine.

Singular.

Plural.

Nom.

a,

the

as

Gen.

da,

of the

das

Dat.

á,

to the

ás

Acc.

a,

the

as

Abl.

da,

from the.

das.

Declension of the indefinite Article.

Masculine.

Feminine.

Nom.

um,

a

uma

Gen.

de um,

of a

de uma

Dat.

á um,

to a

á uma

Acc.

um,

a

uma

Abl.

de um,

from a

de uma.

4.

Vocabulary.

- moça, girl

- bonito, pretty

- cavallo, horse

- agulha, needle

- faca, knife

- leão, lion

- tigre, tiger

- leopardo, leopard

- são, are (from ser)

- animal, aes, animal

- feroz, wild

- estado, situation

- no (em o), in, Dat.

- miseravel, miserable

- em, in

- que, which

- elle, he

- está, is (from estar)

- ella, she

- na (em a), in the

- rua, street

- garfo, fork

- estão, are (from estar)

- nas (em as), in, Acc.

- gaveta, drawer

- tenho, I have

- lido, read

- isso, this

- nos (em os), in, Acc.

- livro, book

- passeio, I go

- pelo (por o), through the

- entrou, he came

- pela (por a), through

- porta, gate

- boi, ox

- vaca, cow.

Exercises.

O pai he alto. A mãi he pequena. A moça he bonita. O cavallo do pai. A agulha da irmãa. A faca do irmão. O leão, o tigre e o leopardo são animaes ferozes. No estado miseravel em que elle está. Ella está na rua. Os garfos estão nas gavetas. Tenho lido isso nos livros do C. Passeio pelo campo. Elle entrou pela porta. Um boi. Uma vaca.

5.

Vocabulary.

- noticia, the news

- muíto, very

- nobre, noble

- cão, dog

- labrão, bark

- rosa, rose

- mais bello, more beautiful

- do que, than

- tulipa, tulip

- verão, summer

- quente, hot

- inverno, winter

- rigoroso, severe

- passaro, bird

- cantão, sing

- aguia, eagle

- açor, hawk

- ave de rapina, bird of prey

- ignorancia, ignorance

- erro, error

- superstição, superstition

- deixei, I left behind

- tia, aunt

- cama, bed

- menino, criança, child, baby

- o braço, the arm

- carta, letter

- mão, hand

- secretario, secretary

- saltar, to jump

- janella, window.

The news is good. The horse is a very noble animal. The dogs bark. The roses are more beautiful than the tulips. The summers are hot and the winters severe. The birds sing. The eagle and the hawk are birds of prey. Ignorance is the mother of error, of superstition, and of prejudice. I left my hat in the carriage. The aunt is in bed. She had her child in her arms. He gave the letter into the hands of the secretary. He jumped out of (pela) the window. I see a man and a woman. A garden and a house.

Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions.

The Portuguese contract the Article and Preposition in the following way:

from

de o

is

formed

do

from

em o

is

formed

no

-

de a

-

-

da

-

em a

-

-

na

-

de os

-

-

dos

-

em os

-

-

nos

-

de as

-

-

das

-

em as

-

-

nas

-

a o

-

-

ao

-

por o

-

-

pelo

-

a a

-

-

á

-

por a

-

-

pela

-

a os

-

-

aos

-

por os

-

-

pelos

-

a as

-

-

ás

-

por as

-

-

pelas.

6.

On the Gender.

Masculine

The names of all masculine persons, animals, and the occupations of men.

Vocabulary.

- Imperador, emperor

- foi, was (from ser)

- morto, killed

- Rei, king

- chegou, he arrived

- hontem, yesterday

- jesuita, the Jesuit

- forão, they were

- expulsado, expelled

- homem, man

- não ama senão, only loves

- a si mesmo, himself

- Carlos, Charles

- foi, was

- Frederico, Frederick

- ambicioso, ambitious

- ferreiro, the smith

- diligente, diligent

- alfaiate, tailor

- preguiçoso, lazy

- gordo, fat

- gallo, the cock

- mais forte, stronger

- de que, than

- gallinha, hen.

O Imperador Paulo foi morto. El-Rei chegou hontem. Os jesuitas forão expulsados. O homem não ama senão a si mesmo. Carlos foi grande e Frederico ambicioso. O ferreiro he diligente e o alfaiate preguiçoso. O boi he muito gordo. O leão he muito feroz. O gallo he mais forte do que a gallinha.

7.

Vocabulary.

duque,

duke

proclamado,

proclaimed

principe herdeiro,

hereditary prince

morreo,

died

marcineiro,

the joiner

carpinteiro,

the carpenter

trabalhão,

they work

Luiz,

Lewis

Henrique,

Henry

poderoso,

powerful

touro,

the bull

matado,

killed

vigilante,

watchful

bello, formoso,

beautiful

sanguinario

bloodthirsty

sanguinoso

sanguinolento

marido

husband

esposo

doente,

ill

tio,

uncle

sahio (sahir),

went out

avô,

grandfather

primo,

cousin

filho,

son

dão,

they take

passeio,

walk.

The Duke of Bragança was proclaimed king. The hereditary prince died. The joiner and the carpenter work. Lewis was brave, and Henry powerful. The bull was killed. The watchful dog. The beautiful horse. The tiger is very bloodthirsty. The husband of this woman is very ill. The uncle went out. The grandfather, the father, the cousin and the son took a walk.

8.

Feminine Substantive.

The names of all feminine persons, animals and the occupations of women are feminine.

Vocabulary.

- Imperatriz, empress

- Rainha, queen

- estavão, they were

- igreja, church

- duqueza, duchess

- banho, bath

- alfaiata, sempstress

- concerta, mends

- vestido, dress

- filha, daughter

- tia, aunt

- avó, grandmother

- neta, granddaughter

- jardim, garden

- rapariga, little girl

- feia, ugly

- mulher, woman

- obsequioso, good

- vaca, cow

- dá, gives

- leite, milk

- chocando, hatching.

A Imperatriz e a Rainha estavão na igreja. A duqueza está no banho. A alfaiata concerta um vestido. A mãi e a filha, a tia e a prima, a avó e a neta estão no jardim. A rapariga não he feia. A mulher he muito obsequiosa. A vaca dá leite. A gallinha está chocando.

9.

Vocabulary.

abbadessa,

abbess

fallou,

spoke

freira

nun

religiosa

sór

mosteiro

convent

convento

princeza,

princess

estar para,

was on the point

partir,

to depart

condeça,

the countess

casa,

house

costureira,

needlewoman

pespontar,

hems

lenço de pescoço,

neckhandkerchief

esposa,

the wife

negociante,

merchant

muitas vezes,

frequently

caprichoso,

capricious

criada,

the servant

varre,

sweeps

cozinha,

kitchen

cabra,

goat

animal domestico,

domestic animal

gata,

cat

está brincando,

plays

com,

with

cachorra,

young dog

minha,

my, fem.

prima,

cousin, fem.

irmãa,

sister

theatro,

theatre

leoa,

lioness

juba,

the mane

esta,

this

egoa,

mare

mais bello,

more beautiful

cavallo capado,

the stallion

Maria,

Mary

não he tão,

is not so

come,

as

Marianna,

Maryanne

Inglaterra,

England

sabio,

wise

soberana,

sovereign

cozinheira,

cook

mercado,

market

diligente,

diligent.

The abbess spoke with the nuns of the convent. The princess was on the point of departing. The countess was not at home. The needlewoman hems my pockethandkerchief. The wife of the merchant. The women are often very capricious. The servant sweeps the kitchen. The goat is a domestic animal. The cat plays with the young female dog. My cousin (fem.) and my sister were at the theatre. The lioness has no mane. This mare is more beautiful than that stallion. Mary is not so diligent as Maryanne. Elisabeth of England was a wise sovereign. The cook went to market.

In Portuguese some of the names of animals are occasionally masculine and feminine; to denote the gender the words macho, male, or femea, female, are used, as:

- elephante macho, the male elephant,

- elephante femea, the female elephant.

Those Substantives ending in a and ãa are feminine.

10.

Exercises.

Esta casa[1] tem uma boa[2] apparencia[3]. A rosa[4] he muito bella. A boca[5], a orelha[6], a cabeça[7], a testa[8] e a barba[9] são partes[10] do corpo[11] humano[12]. A janella[13] está aberta[14]. Esta agulha[15] he fina de mais[16]. Esta tinta não presta para nada. Quero aparar[17] uma penna[18]. Tenho[19] que escrever[20] uma carta[21]. Faça-me o favor[22] de-me emprestar[23] una folha de papel[24]. A garrafa[25] está na mesa[26]. Esta cerejeira[27] carrega[28] muito. Esta uva[29] está madura[30]. Esta vinha[31] está em optima[32] exposição[33].

11.

The butter[34] is fresh[35]. With your permission[36]. The cup[37] is not washed[38]. I have the honour[39]. The beer[40] is excellent[41]. The oyster[42] is fresh. Bring me[43] a wafer[44]. —We have a beautiful[45] morning[46]. The door[47] is locked[48]. Spring[49] is the most agreeable[50] time of the year[51]. The harvest[52] will be[53] abundant[54].

12.

Exceptions.

The following Substantives ending in a are masculine:

o aroma,

the aroma

o drama

the drama

o axioma,

the principle

o mappa,

the map

o chá,

the tea

o idioma,

the idiom

o clima,

the climate

o planeta,

the planet

o cometa,

the comet

o poema,

the poem

o dia,

the day

o thema,

the theme.

o diadema,

the diadem

Those Nouns ending in e, are generally masculine, except:

1. those ending in ade, as:

verdade, truth, etc.,

2. those ending in ie or ice, as:

a velhice, the age,

3. those ending in accented é, as:

a cheminé, a chimney.

Nouns ending in i, y, o, u as well as those ending in l, m, r, s and z are with few exceptions all masculine.

Those ending in ão, are both masculine and feminine.

13.

Formation of the Plural.

Nouns ending in a, e, i, y, o, u and ãa form their plural by adding an s to the singular. As:

- a rosa, as rosas;

- a arte, as artes;

- o filho, os filhos.

Examples.

As rosas são mais bellas que as tulipas. Os rios correm[55] por terras despovoadas[56]. As arvores são muito frondosas[57]. As villas são ornadas[58] de duas igrejas. Eu não vi os pentes[59]. Os habitantes[60] destas comarcas[61] são Indios[62]. Elles tem maçãas. Novos reis, novas leis. Deixei os bahús nos coches. Os ribeiros[63], algumas lagôas[64] e mesmo certos rios ficão em secco[65].

14.

These houses please me more than those edifices[66]. The villages[67] and towns in this district[68] are not very numerous[69]. The oxen[70], cows, goats, sheep[71] and cats[72] are domestic animals. There are[73] many wild boars[74], deer[75] and hares[76] in these forests[77]. The cranes[78] and storks[79] are birds of passage[80]. The huts[81] are made[82] of the trunks of trees[83].

15.

Substantives ending in ão, form their plural in ões, as:

a condição, condition, as condições.

Exceptions are:

- Allemão, the German, Allemães

- Catalão, the Catalonian, Catalães

- cão, dog, cães

- pão, bread, pães

- capitão, captain, capitães

- tabellião, notary, tabelliães.

The following only add an s in the Plural:

aldeão,

the peasant

irmão,

the brother

anão,

the dwarf

mão,

the hand

ancião,

the age

orfão,

the orphan

a benção,

the blessing

orgão,

the organ

christão,

Christ

pagão,

the heathen

cortezão,

the courtier

rabão,

the radish

grão,

the corn

villão,

the villain.

16.

Examples.

Elle abrio[84] communições entre as cidades e os sertões[85]. Os serões[86] são cumpridos. O districto he proprio[87] para todas as producções agricolas[88]. As terras são plantadas[89] e semeadas[90] de feijões[91] e melões[92]. Os Allemães fizerão[93] muitas invenções[94] uteis[95]. Os capitães não querem obedecer[96] ao general. Aqui[97] estão tres pães[98]. Os Cortezãos lisonjão[99] ao principe[100]. Os primeiros orgãos forão construidos[101] por um Allemão em 1312. Eis aqui[102] os dous[103] villãos. As casas são ornadas de balcões[104] de ferro. Aos orphãos mandase[105] aprender[106] um officio[107].

17.

The passions[108] of women are often very violent[109]. The navigation[110] extended[111], at the beginning[112], only along the coast. Many revolutions[113] have broken out[114] in Europe in recent times[115]. The conditions[116] were rejected[117]. These places[118] are situated in the interior of the country[119]. The hunters[120] took[121] the dogs to the chase[122]. The Catalonians inhabit an important[123] province of Spain[124]. The notaries[125] protest[126] the bills of exchange[127]. His brothers were not at home[128]. The first Christians were much persecuted[129]. The heathens are still very numerous[130]. The radishes are very dear.

18.

- Substantives ending in:

- al, ol, ul change l into es, as: a sinal, as sinaes

- el change l into is, as: annel, anneis

- il change l into s, as: o funil, os funis.

Examples.

conter,

contain

muitas vezes,

frequently

sal,

salt

o funil,

the funnel

mandar,

to order

ao pé,

with

furriel,

lieutenant

barril,

the barrel

amizade,

friendship

mandou,

had (let)

encontrar,

to meet

pôr,

erect

primavera,

spring

pharol,

lighthouse.

terrestre,

earthly

As aguas contem differentes saes. Os animaes domesticos. Os generaes mandavão aos furrieis. Os coroneis estavão no conselho de guerra. Os varios sinaes de sua amizade. Não se encontra muitos caracoes nesta primavera. Os males terrestres são muitas vezes quasi insupportaveis. Os papeis estão na mesa. Os funis estão ao pé dos barris. O imperador mandou pôr pharoes.

19.

The poignards[131] are ground[132]. These fishing rods[133] are good for nothing[134]. The goldsmith brought the rings[135]. The painter[136] has many brushes. Three consuls governed[137] France in 1803. The barrels[138] are full[139]. The officers[140] were very much dissatisfied[141]. There are[142] different chalks[143]. I like[144] pies[145].—They will discover[146] your tricks[147].

20.

- Substantives ending in m, change their plural into ns, as:

- bem, the treasure, bens

- viagem, the journey, viagens.

- Those ending in r, s and z, add es to the singular, as:

- a colher, the spoon, as colheres

- ar, the air, ares

- deos, a God, deoses

- perdiz, the partridge, perdizes;

- except:

- ourives, the goldsmith, ourives

- caliz, the chalice, calices

- alferes, the ensign, alferes.

Examples.

As margens[148] verdejão[149] com a relva[150] dos prados[151]. Elle fez[152] muitas viagens. Elle possue[153] muitos bens de raiz[154] na cidade e fóra della[155]. Todos os homens são mortaes[156]. Os sons dos instrumentos musicos. Os jejuns[157] não engordão[158]. O ceo[159] se cobre[160] de nuvens[161]. Os moradores[162] commercião[163] em[164] madeiras de construcção[165]. Comprei[166] duas colheres de prata. As Imperatrizes de Russia e d’Austria chegárão[167]. Atire[168] a esse bando[169] de perdizes. Os Deoses se ajuntão[170] no Olympo. Quasi[171] todos os freguezes[172] são Indios. Ha quatro calices na igreja. Os piratas[173] infestavão os mares.

21.

I hear[174] sounds[175]. The sun[176] hides[177] itself behind[178] thick[179] clouds[180]. We have four ducks[181]. The passages[182] are locked[183]. The pictures[184] of Saints in this church are very numerous. Our baggage[185] is still in the vessel. I offer[186] you my congratulations[187]. The air (pl.) is always[188] pure[189] in this Country. I have eaten[190] four[191] quails[192]. He showed[193] me the scars[194] of his wounds[195]. In a battalion[196] there are eight ensigns. The goldsmiths came together. The chalices of the flowers. I was many times[197] in your house. The belligerent[198] powers.

22.

Declension of Substantives.

Singular.

Masculine.

Feminine.

Nom.

o homem,

the man

a mulher,

the woman

Gen.

do homem,

of the man

da mulher,

of the woman

Dat.

ao homem,

to the man

á mulher,

to the woman

Acc.

o homem,

the man

a mulher,

the woman

Abl.

do homem,

from the man.

da mulher,

from the woman.

Plural.

Nom.

os homens,

the men

as mulheres,

the women

Gen.

dos homens,

of the men

das mulheres,

of the women

Dat.

aos homens,

to the men

ás mulheres,

to the women

Acc.

os homens,

the men

as mulheres

the women

Abl.

dos homens,

from the men.

das mulheres,

from the women.

Nom.

Deos,

God

Deoses,

Gods

Gen.

de Deos,

of God

de Deoses,

of Gods

Dat.

a Deos,

to God

a Deoses,

to Gods

Acc.

(a) Deos,

God

(a) Deoses,

Gods

Abl.

de Deos,

from God.

de Deoses,

from Gods.

23.

Examples.

- chapéo, the hat

- offerecer, to offer

- batalha, the battle

- inimigo, enemy

- jardim, garden

- luva, glove

- conde, count

- deixar, to leave

- mordomo, steward

- adular, to flatter

- lisongeiro, the flatterer

- de sorte, in such a manner

- igualar, to compare

- deo, gave (from dar)

- grande, sound, great

- bofetada, box on the ear

- calçado, paved

- fizerão, they made

- cruel, cruel

- guerra, war

- comprar, to buy

- livro, book

- livreiro, bookseller

- rancor, the rancor, enmity.

O pai não está em casa. O chapéo do irmão. O general offereceo batalha ao inimigo. A mai ama a seu filho. A irmãa está no jardim. As luvas da mãi. O conde nada deixou ao seu mordomo. Adulando um lisongeiro ao Imperador Sigismundo, de sorte que o igualava a Deos, o Imperador deo ao lisongeiro uma grande bofetada. As ruas são calçadas. Os Portuguezes fizerão cruel guerra aos Indios. A mulher comprou o livro do livreiro. O rancor dos Francezes contra os Inglezes.

24.

Exercises.

The father loves[199] his daughter[200]. Mary loves her friend[201] (fem.). The eyes of Caroline equal[202] two[203] stars[204]. He gave the money to the woman, and paid the tailor[205] at the same time[206]. Two streams[207] of the province are designated[208] by this name[209]. Various estates[210] are touched[211] by this river. These offers[212] have been made to the Colonists[213]. He delivered[214] the letter[215] to the secretary[216]. The Madeira is the most important[217] tributary[218] of the Amazon river[219]. The name of the Islands. The town is situated[220] on the left bank[221] of the river. The harbour[222] of Rio de Janeiro is the most beautiful ornament[223] of the city.

25.

On the Augmentatives

and Diminutives.

The Portuguese language has the peculiarity of the Italian and Spanish languages in making Substantives and Adjectives, by the addition of a syllable augmentative or diminutive.

- I. Augmentativos.

- homem, a man

- homemzarão, a large, powerful man

- tolo, a fool

- toleirão, a great fool

- mulher, the woman

- mulherona, a large masculine woman

- tola, the foolish woman

- toleirona, a very foolish woman.

- II. Diminutivos

- are formed by changing the final vowel into “inho”:

- casa, the house

- casinha, a pretty little house

- homem, a man

- homemzinho, a little man

- bicho, a worm

- bichinho, a little worm

- coitado, a poor man

- coitadinho, a poor little fellow

- bonito, pretty

- bonitinho, rather pretty;

- others are formed by adding: zinho, zinha or sinho, inha, as:

- coração, the heart

- coraçãozinho, dear little heart

- cão, the dog

- cãozinho, pretty little dog

- irmão, the brother

- irmãozinho, dear little brother

- cabeça, the head

- cabeçinha, pretty little head

- mão, the hand

- mãozinha, pretty little hand.

26.

The Adjective.

The Adjectives in Portuguese agree with the Substantives in gender and number.

1. Adjectives ending in e, l and z, remain unchanged in the feminine, as:

- forte, strong;

- grande, great;

- cruel, cruel;

- amavel, amiable.

2. Adjectives ending in o change the feminine into a, as:

o bonito, the pretty, a bonita.

3. Those ending in ú, m and r, add an a in the feminine, as:

- crú, raw, crúa

- nú, nude, núa

- um, a, uma

- nenhum, none, nenhuma

- traidor, traitorous, traidora

- protector, protectora.

4. Adjectives ending in ão change to ãa in the feminine, as:

- lução, brilliant, luçãa

- são, healthy, sàa.

27.

The Plurals of Adjectives

are formed in the same manner as the plural of Nouns, as:

Singular.

Plural.

Masc.

Fem.

Masc.

Fem.

forte,

strong,

forte

fortes,

fortes

gordo,

fat,

gorda

gordos,

gordas

crú,

raw,

crua

crús,

cruas

são,

healthy,

sãa

sãos,

sãas

igual,

equal,

igual

iguaes,

iguaes

amavel,

amiable,

amavel

amaveis,

amaveis

civil,

civil,

civil

civis,

civis

algum,

any one,

alguma

alguns,

algumas

protector,

protected,

protectora

protectores,

protectoras

capaz,

capable,

capaz

capazes,

capazes.

Observations.

1. The following add s to the plural:

- meão, mediocre

- temporão, timely

- são, healthy

- villão, bad.

2. The following change il into eis in the plural, as:

- agil, swift

- aquatil, aquatic

- debil, weak

- difficil, difficult

- docil, docile

- ductil, pliant

- esteril, sterile

- facil, easy

- fertil, fertile

- fossil, fossil

- fragil, fragile

- futil, futile

- habil, clever

- ignobil, disgraceful

- immobil, immoveable

- indocil, stupid

- inhabil, awkward

- inutil, useless

- inverosimil, unlikely

- portatil, portable

- reptil, reptile

- util, useful

- verosimil, probable

- versatil, changeable

- volatil, volatile

- volubil, voluble.

3. Simplez, single, forms its plural in simplez and simplices.

28.

Examples.

A rua principal. As ruas principaes são calçadas. A igreja nova. A nova igreja. O homem velho[224]. A mulher velha. Os Indios atemorisados[225]. As mulheres Indias. A bella e grande cidade. O sobrinho[226] moribundo[227]. A victoria gloriosa. Este homem he mui villão e aquella mulher mui villãa. As mulheres são amaveis, os homens mui crueis. Um moço nú e uma criança nua. O homem he affavel e a mulher he tambem affavel. O genio contraditor e a observação contraditora. A filha he gorda e o filho he gordo. Os homens estão sãos e as mulheres sãas. O povo tranquillo e soffredor[228]. A sombria raiva[229] do Philippe. Os velhos bandos hespanhões[230]. Algumas[231] embarcações[232] que tinhão servido de piquetes[233]. Uma satisfacção inexplicavel. A igreja he uma das mais bellas do reino[234]. As aguas mineraes. O termino he fertil. O filho unico. A religão christãa. Um cavalheiro[235] christão[236]. A igreja de Santo Antonio he dedicada ao santo do seu nome. A margem[237] direita. A guarda[238] nacional. O sobredito[239] districto. As grandes plantações[240] de cannas[241]. A pequena[242] aldèa[243]. Santos he uma cidade maritima a mercantil. As autoridades militares e civis. O rio aurifero.

29.

Exercises.

The rich[244] man and the poor[245] woman. The pretty house. The large church[246]. The fertile fields[247]. The shoemaker is very industrious. The leafy[248] trees[249]. The wounded[250] soldier[251]. The beautiful bridges[252]. The numerous[253] products. The old uncle[254] and the fat aunt[255]. The horses are very handsome. The day is very bright[256]. The climate is very agreeable[257]. The winter[258] in Siberia[259] is very rigorous[260]. The geographical[261] and historical[262] Institute[263]. The tall man and the little woman. The above named[264] royal decree[265]. The generous[266] feelings[267]. The enormous[268] forests[269]. Some[270] sombre and broad[271] rivers. The only[272] ornament. The warlike[273] Indians. The preceding[274] article[275]. The sea is very rough[276]. The following[277] day. The following days. He is silent[278] and grave[279]. The deep[280] love[281].

30.

The Comparison of Adjectives.

The Comparative is formed by placing mais (more) or menos (less) before the Positive, as:

- bello, beautiful,

- mais bello, more beautiful.

Obs. “Than” following the Comparative is rendered by que, como, or: tão—como, as—as; não tão—como, not so—as; before the particle que the word do is often prefixed, as:

- he mais prudente do que parece,

- he is wiser than it appears.

The Superlative is formed

1. by placing the article before the Comparative, as:

- o mais douto, the most learned

- o mais bello, the most beautiful;

2. by adding to the Positive issimo (masc.) and issima (fem.), as:

- bello, beautiful, bellissimo, bellissima.

Exceptions are:

- acre, harsh, acerrimo

- amigo, friendly, amicissimo

- antigo, old, antiquissimo

- aspero, rough, asperrimo

- bom, good, bonissimo

- capaz, capable, capacissimo

- celebre, celebrated, celeberrimo

- chão, flat, chanissimo

- feliz, happy, felicissimo

- fiel, faithful, fidelissimo

- frio, cold, frigidissimo

- humilde, humble, humilissimo, humillimo

- máo, bad, malissimo

- nobre, noble, nobilissimo

- prospero, prosperous, prosperrimo

- rico, rich, riquissimo

- sabio, wise, sapientissimo

- sagrado, sacred, sacratissimo

- salubre, salutary, saluberrimo

- simples, simple, simplicissimo

- valente, brave, valentissimo.

31.

Irregular Comparisons.

Positive.

Comparative.

Superlative.

bom,

good,

melhor,

better,

optimo,

the best

máo,

bad,

peior,

worse,

pessimo,

the worst

grande,

great,

maior,

greater,

maximo,

the greatest

pequeno,

little,

menor,

less,

minimo,

the least.

Obs. The Positive and Comparative can be strengthened by placing before it:

- muito, very

- assaz, enough

- demasiado, too, too much.

32.

Declension of the Adjective.

Masculine.

Singular.

Plural.

Nom.

o homem diligente

os homens diligentes

Gen.

do homem diligente

the

dos homens diligentes

the

Dat.

ao homem diligente

industrious

aos homens diligentes

industrious

Acc.

o homem diligente

man.

os homens diligentes

men.

Abl.

do homem diligente

dos homens diligentes

Feminine.

Singular.

Plural.

Nom.

a mulher gorda

as mulheres gordas

Gen.

da mulher gorda

the

das mulheres gordas

the

Dat.

á mulher gorda

corpulent

ás mulheres gordas

corpulent

Acc.

a mulher gorda

woman.

as mulheres gordas

women.

Abl.

da mulher gorda

das mulheres gordas

33.

Examples.

A Asia he mais grande que a Europa. A Africa he menos povoado[282] que a Europa. A rosa he mais bella que a viola. A viola[283] he menos bella que a rosa. Pedro he mais feliz do que João. O filho não he tão liberal como seu pai. A historia he tão util como agradavel. O dia he mais agradavel que a noite[284]. O seu amante he mais bello, mais moço[285] e mais rico que ella. Eu acho-o agora menos lindo[286] do que quando o comprei[287]. O meu livro he tão barato[288] como o vosso. Elle he muito mais grande. Ella he pouco mais grande. Caesar he muito mais estimado[289] que Pompeo. Pompeo foi muito menos feliz que Caesar. Elle he o mais douto[290] dos homens. Elle he o menos douto dos homens. Ella he a mais bella das mulheres. Ella he muito amavel. Estas cadeiras[291] são feitas[292] de optima madeira[293]. Esta mulher he boa, o marido he melhor e o filho he o optimo. Elle he o felicissimo dos mortaes. O clima he saluberrimo. He homem valentissimo. O filho he rico, o pai he riquissimo. O neto[294] he máo, o primo[295] he ainda peior e o tio he o pessimo. Na margem do rio ha optimos pastos[296].

34.

Exercises.

Mariana is more industrious[297] than her sister[298]. Europe is not so large as America. The wife is handsomer than her husband[299]. This horse is very beautiful, more beautiful than yours. The most fertile fields. His cousin is very rich, his uncle is still richer, and his father is the richest. The man is very bad[300], the woman is worse, and the son is the worst. This wine is good, but that one is better. She is much taller than her friend[301]. The tulip[302] is not so beautiful as the rose. The son is little, but the daughter is very little indeed (pequenissimo). Our house is not so large as yours. Amelia is smaller than her brother. The best ship[303]. The worst man. The bravest knight. The simplest[304] man in the world[305]. This[306] man is very wise, and that[307] one is the wisest of all. The climate of Siberia is very cold. The summer[308] is in that country hotter and the winter[309] more rigid[310]. A great part[311] and the greater part. The turf[312] is very green[313], but the trees[314] are still greener. I do not write so well as he. This man speaks[315] as well as Cicero[316]. The English[317] horses are better than the French. Arabia has the best horses. It is commendable[318] to recommend virtue[319], but it is better to practise[320] it.

35.

The Numbers

(Vos Numeral).

1. The Cardinal Numbers

(Numerales cardinaes).

um, fem. uma

1

vinte e um

21

dois, dous, fem. duas

2

vinte e dois

22

tres

3

vinte e tres

23

quatro

4

vinte e quatro

24

cinco

5

vinte e cinco

25

seis

6

vinte e seis

26

sete

7

vinte e sete

27

oito

8

vinte e oito

28

nove

9

vinte e nove

29

dez

10

trinta

30

onze

11

trinta e um

31

doze

12

quarenta

40

treze

13

quarenta e um

41

quatorze

14

cincoenta

50

quinze

15

sessenta

60

dezeseis

16

setenta

70

dezesete

17

oitenta

80

dezoito

18

noventa

90

dez e nove

19

cem, cento

100

vinte

20

cento e um

101

duzentos, fem. -as

200

novecentos

900

duzentos e um

201

mil

1000

trezentos, -as

300

mil e cento

1,100

quatrocentos, -as

400

mil e duzentos

1,200

quinhentos

500

dois mil

2,000

seiscentos

600

cem mil

100,000

setecentos

700

milhão

a million

oitocentos

800

bilhão

a billion.

Obs. Before a Noun “cem” is used, before a number “cento”, as: cem soldados, hundred soldiers; cento e um, a hundred and one. The Portuguese use the Cardinal Numbers to express the date, as: chegou a quatro de Maio, he arrived on the fourth of May.

36.

2. The Ordinal Numbers.

primeiro

the

1ˢᵗ

decimo oitavo

the

18ᵗʰ

segundo

the

2ⁿͩ

decimo nono

the

19ᵗʰ

terceiro

the

3ʳͩ

vigesimo

the

20ᵗʰ

quarto

the

4ᵗʰ

vigesimo-primeiro

the

21ˢᵗ

quinto

the

5ᵗʰ

vigesimo-segundo

the

22ⁿͩ

sexto

the

6ᵗʰ

trigesimo

the

30ᵗʰ

setimo

the

7ᵗʰ

quadragesimo,

quarentesimo

the

40ᵗʰ

oitavo

the

8ᵗʰ

quinquagesimo

the

50ᵗʰ

nono

the

9ᵗʰ

sexagesimo

the

60ᵗʰ

decimo

the

10ᵗʰ

septuagesimo

the

70ᵗʰ

undecimo, onzeno

the

11ᵗʰ

octogesimo

the

80ᵗʰ

duodecimo

the

12ᵗʰ

nonagesimo

the

90ᵗʰ

decimo terceiro

the

13ᵗʰ

centesimo

the

100ᵗʰ

decimo quarto

the

14ᵗʰ

millesimo

the

1,000ᵗʰ

decimo quinto

the

15ᵗʰ

ultimo

the

last.

decimo sexto

the

16ᵗʰ

decimo setimo

the

17ᵗʰ

37.

3. Fractional Numbers.

a metade,

half

um oitavo,

an eighth

o terço,

the third

uma oitava,

an eighth part

a terça parte,

the third part

tres oitavos,

three eighths

o quarto

the fourth part

uma novena,

a ninth

a quarta parte

uma nona parte,

a ninth part

o quinto,

the fifth

uma decima parte,

a tenth part

a quinta parte,

the fifth part

um e meio,

one and a half

a sexta parte,

the sixth part

dous e meia,

two and a half

a setima parte,

the seventh part

tres e meia,

three and a half.

38.

4. Proportional Numbers.

simples,

simple

tres vezes,

thrice

duplice

double

sextuplo,

sixfold

duplicado

septuplo,

sevenfold

triple

triple

octuplo,

eightfold

triplice

nonuplo,

ninefold

quadruplo,

fourfold

decuplo,

tenfold

quintuplo,

fivefold

centuplo,

a hundredfold

uma vez,

once

a primeira vez,

the first time.

duas vezes,

twice

39.

5. Collective Numbers.

um par,

a pair

uma sessenta,

sixty

ambos, ambas,

both

uma centena,

a hundred

um terno,

a number of 3

uma vintena,

twenty

um quaterno,

a number of 4

um milhar,

a thousand

uma dezena,

a number of 10

quintal,

a hundred weight

uma duzia,

a dozen

uma quarta do arratel,

a quarter of a pound.

uma quinzena,

fifteen

todo, toda, tudo, all, every one; plur. todos, todas.

muito, many; tanto, so many. pouco, few.

40.

Examples.

Elle viveo[321] noventa annos[322]. Ella tem vinto e cinco annos de idade[323]. O exercito[324] he composto[325] de noventa mil e seiscentos homens. Dous mil cincocentos e trinta e quatro homens forão mortos[326] neste encontro[327]. Cem homens ficarão[328] prisioneiros[329]. Ha nesta povoação[330] mil e setecentas almas[331]. Ha mil quinhentas casas na nossa freguezia[332]. A sua carta[333] he datada[334] de vinte e dous de Abril de mil oitocentos e cincoenta e sete. Nosso tio ha de chegar[335] a treze do mez que vem. O comprimento[336] desta rua tem o dobro do da outra. Eu fiz duas vezes a volta[337] da villa a cavallo. Um terremoto[338] destruio[339] a metade da cidade. Este theatro foi queimado[340] tres vezes. Se cultivar a sua herdade[341], ella se elevará[342] em valor ao centuplo.

41.

Exercises.

The company[343] consists of one hundred men and the regiment[344] has six thousand men. There were collected[345] two hundred men and nearly[346] seventy women. He was the first who arrived[347]. The second was thy brother. The third man I have not seen. The French army consists of 600,000 men. Within[348] eight days. He had one sister and two cousins[349] with him. This house would be worth a hundred times more. Once I have told him, but twice he has forgotten it. The first time that I had the knife ground[350]. A thousand men were killed in this battle[351]. The first day of the year[352]. To-day is the first, the second, the third, the fourth of the month[353]. Twenty eggs[354]. He arrived on the fifth of July. The nineteenth century[355]. The year has 365 days. He has three sons[356] and five daughters[357].

42.

Pronouns.

1. Personal Pronouns.

Singular.

1ˢᵗ Person.

2ⁿͩ  Person.

3ʳͩ  Person.

Masc.

Fem.

N.

eu,

I

tu,

thou

elle,

he

ella,

she

G.

de mim,

of me

de ti,

of thee

d’elle,

of him

d’ella,

of her

D.

a mim,

to me

a ti,

to thee

a elle, lhe,

to him

a ella,

to her

Acc.

me,

me

te, a ti,

thee

elle,

him

ella, a ella,

her

Abl.

de mim

from

de ti

from

d’elle

from

d’ella,

from

por mim

me

por ti

thee

por elle

him

por ella,

her.

Plural.

N.

nós,

we

vós,

you

elles,

they

ellas,

they

G.

de nos,

of us

de vos,

of you

d’elles,

of them

d’ellas,

of them

D.

a nos,

to us

a vós,

to you

a elles, lhes,

to them

a ellas,

to them

Acc.

nos, a nos,

us

a vos, vos,

you

elles, a elles,

them

ellas,

them

Abl.

de nos

from

de vós,

from you

d’elles

from them

d’ellas,

from

por nos

us

them

Obs. If the Pronouns mim, ti, si, nós, vós, are accompanied by the Preposition com, they are contracted thus:

com mim

into

commigo,

with me

com ti

—

comtigo,

with thee

com si

—

comsigo,

with him

com nós

—

comnosco,

with us

com vós

—

comvosco,

with you.

Me is generally translated by me, as:

- speak to me, fallai-me

- he told me, elle disse-me

- tell me, dizei-me

- write me, escrevei-me.

The reflective Pronoun “si”.

Nom.

si,

one’s self

Gen.

de si,

of one’s self

Dat.

a si,

to one’s self

Acc.

si, a si,

one’s self

Abl.

de si, por si,

from one’s self.

It is generally united to the Pronoun: mesmo or mesma, as: de si mesmo, of one’s self:

o homem não ama senão a si mesmo,

the man loves only himself.

The Portuguese also join mesmo, to the personal Pronouns, as:

eu mesmo,

I myself

nós mesmos,

we ourselves

tu mesmo,

thou thyself

vós mesmos,

you yourselves

elle mesmo,

he himself

elles mesmos,

they themselves

ella mesma,

she herself

ellas mesmas,

o homem mesmo,

the man himself.

a virtude mesma,

virtue itself.

43.

2. Conjunctive Pronouns.

The following are always used in connexion with Verbs:

me,

me

—

nos,

us

te,

thee

—

vos,

you

se,

it

—

lhes,

them

lhe,

him, her.

isto me agrada

—

it pleases me

he-me necessario

—

I want it (have it necessary)

deos te ve

—

God sees thee

ella se louva

—

she praises herself

eu lhe direi

—

I shall tell him or her

eu lhes prometti

—

I have promised them.

44.

3. Mixed Pronouns.

are composed of personal and conjunctive Pronouns, by changing the letter e of the conjunctive Pronoun into o and a, as:

instead

of

me o

—

say:

mo

”

”

me a

—

”

ma

”

”

lhe o

—

”

lho

”

”

lhe a

—

”

lha

”

”

me os

—

”

mos

”

”

me as

—

”

mas

”

”

lhe os

—

”

lhos

”

”

lhe as

—

”

lhas

”

”

te o

—

”

to

”

”

te a

—

”

ta

”

”

te os

—

”

tos

”

”

te as

—

”

tas.

dai-mo,

give me

(livro, the book)

dai-mo,

give me

(cão, the dog)

dai-ma,

give me

(penna, the pen).

entrego-to,

I give it thee

(livro)

darei-ta,

I shall give it thee

(casa)

entrego-tos,

I give them to thee

(chapéos, pl.)

darei-tas,

I shall give them to thee

(peras, pl.).

se o,

changes

into

selo

se a,

”

”

sela

se os,

”

”

selos

se as,

”

”

selas

nos o,

”

”

nolo

nos a,

”

”

nola

nos os,

”

”

nolos

nos as,

”

”

nolas

vos o,

”

”

volo

vos a,

”

”

vola

vos os,

”

”

volos

vos as,

”

”

volas.

Examples.

para dar-lho,

for the purpose of giving it to him

dai-mo,

give it me

eu to darei,

I shall give it to thee

entrego-to,

I hand it over to thee

dize-lho,

they told it him or her

entrega-lhos,

give them (she) to him

elle nolo disse,

he told it us

eu volos mandarei,

I shall send them to you.

45.

4. Possessive Pronouns.

Masculine.

Feminine.

Singular.

Plural.

Singular.

Plural.

meu,

mine

meus

minha,

mine

minhas

teu,

thine

teus

tua,

thine

tuas

seu,

his

seus

sua,

hers

suas

nosso,

ours

nossos

nossa,

ours

nossas

vosso,

yours

vossos.

vossa,

yours

vossas.

The Pronouns are declined with the definite article, as:

Masculine.

Singular.

Plural.

my book.

my books.

N.

o meu livro

os meus livros

G.

do meu livro

dos meus livros

D.

ao meu livro

aos meus livros

Acc.

meu livro

meus livros

Abl.

do (pelo) meu livro.

dos (pelos) meus livros.

Feminine.

Singular.

Plural.

my house.

my houses.

N.

a minha casa

as minhas casas

G.

da minha casa

das minhas casas

D.

á minha casa

ás minhas casas

Acc.

minha casa

minhas casas

Abl.

da (pela) minha casa.

das (pelas) minhas casas.

Examples.

The Portuguese say:

- the father loves: a seu filho, his son

- the mother loves: a seu filho, her son

- the father loves his daughter: o pai ama á sua filha

- the mother loves her daughter: a mai ama á sua filha

- it is mine: he meu

- it is thine: he teu.

46.

5. Demonstrative Pronouns.

Este, denotes a person or thing in our immediate neighbourhood.

Esse, denotes a person or thing a little more distant from us.

Aquelle, one still farther distant.

Singular.

Masculine.

Feminine.

Neuter.

N.

este,

this

esta

isto

G.

d’este,

of this

d’esta

d’isto

D.

a este,

to this

a esta

a isto

Acc.

este,

this

esta

isto

Abl.

d’este,

from this.

d’esta.

d’isto.

Plural.

N.

estes,

these

estas

wanting.

G.

d’estes,

of these

d’estas

D.

a estes,

to these

a estas

Acc.

estes,

these

estas

Abl.

d’estes,

from these.

d’estas.

Singular.

N.

esse,

this one

essa

isso

G.

d’esse,

of this one

d’éssa

d’isso

D.

a esse,

to this one

a essa

a isso

Acc.

esse,

this one

éssa

isso

Abl.

d’esse,

from this one.

d’essa.

d’isso.

Plural.

N.

esses,

these

essas

wanting.

G.

d’esses,

of these

d’essas

D.

a esses,

to these

a essas

Acc.

esses,

these

essas

Abl.

d’esses,

from these.

d’essas.

Singular.

N.

aquelle,

that

aquella

aquillo

G.

d’aquelle,

of that

d’aquella

d’aquillo

D.

áquelle,

to that

áquella

áquillo

Acc.

aquelle,

that

aquella

aquillo

Abl.

d’aquelle,

from that.

d’aquella.

d’aquillo.

Singular.

N.

aquelles,

those

aquellas

wanting.

G.

d’aquelles,

of those

d’aquellas

D.

áquelles,

to those

áquellas

Acc.

aquelles,

those

aquellas

Abl.

d’aquelles,

from those.

d’aquellas.

47.

6. Relative Pronouns.

a) Qual, which, declined with the article o and a:

o qual, a qual; plural: os quaes, as quaes.

b) Que, which, is used of persons and things, as:

o livro que, the book which

a arvore que, the tree which

os livros que, the books which

o mestre que ensina, the teacher who instructs

a mulher que tenho, the woman whom I have

o homem que eu amo, the man whom I love.

It is declined:

N.

que,

who, which, what

G.

de que,

of whom

D.

á que,

to whom

Acc.

que,

whom

Abl.

de que,

from whom.

c) Quem, is only used of persons.

Singular and Plural.

N.

quem,

who

G.

de quem,

of whom

D.

á quem,

to whom

Acc.

quem,

whom

Abl.

de quem,

from whom.

d) Cujo, cuja, whose.

Singular.

Masculine.

Feminine.

N.

—

—

G.

de cujo,

of whose

de cuja

D.

a cujo,

to whose

a cuja

Acc.

cujo,

whose

cuja

Abl.

de cujo,

whose.

de cuja.

Examples.

- a pessoa cuja reputação vós admirais.

- The person whose reputation you admire.

- o ceo cujo soccorro nunca falta.

- The heaven whose assistance never fails.

- a mulher cuja bella cara.

- The woman whose beautiful face.

- cujas bellezas.

- Whose beauties.

- a cujo pai.

- To whose father.

48.

7. Interrogative Pronouns.

Quem, qual, que, who, which, what?

Singular and Plural.

Masc. and Fem.

Masc. and Fem.

N.

quem,

who?

que

what?

which?

G.

de quem,

of whom?

de que

D.

á quem,

to whom?

á que

Acc.

quem,

whom?

que

Abl.

de quem,

whom?

de que

Singular

Plural.

Masculine and Feminine.

N.

qual,

which?

quaes

which?

G.

de qual,

of which?

de quaes

D.

á qual,

to which?

á quaes

Acc.

qual,

which?

quaes

Abl.

de qual,

from which?

de quaes

Examples.

Quem he?

Who is it?

Quem vos disse isso?

Who told that to you?

Que quereis?

What do you want?

Com que se sustenta?

What does he live upon?

Que estais fazendo?

What are you doing?

De que se faz isto?

What is this made of?

Que livro he este?

What book is this?

Que negocios tendes?

What business have you?

Que casa he?

What sort of a house is it?

De qual fallais vós?

Of whom do you speak?

Qual delles?

Which of them?

Quem or qual dos dous?

Which of the two?

49.

8. Indefinite Pronouns.

um, una,

a, one

todos, todas,

all

uns, umas,

some

tudo,

everything

algum, alguma,

somebody

tal

such

alguns, algumas,

some

tales

nenhum, nenhuma,

no one

qualquer

who ever

nenhuns, nenhumas,

none

quaesquer

some one

cada,

each

quemquer,

any one

cada um, cada uma,

everyone

alguem,

some one

outro, outra,

other

ninguem,

no one

outros, outras,

others

outrem,

another, some one else

se,

one, some one

muitos, muitas,

many.

todo, toda,

all, everyone

certo, certa,

a certain one

um e outro

the one and the other

uma e outra

um ou outro

the one or the other

uns ou outros

uma ou outra

umas ou outras

nenhum nem outro

neither the one nor the other.

nenhuns nem outros

nenhuma nem outra

nenhumas nem outras

50.

Examples.

Eu sou pobre[358] e tu es rico. Eu amo[359] e tu amas tambem, elle ama, elles amão. Ella nunca[360] traz[361] dinheiro comsigo. Isto me agrada[362]. Ella se louva[363]. Eu lhe direi[364]. Cortailhe[365] as azas[366]. Comprei o cavallo e montei-o[367]. Louvavel[368] he aconselhar[369] a virtude, mas melhor he pratica-la[370]. Assenta no que lhe digo. A sua perda[371]. Este vento[372] he favoravel[373]. Louva-se lhe a generosidade[374]. Esta flor[375] não he do meu jardim, he do teu. O que lhe digo he verdade. O ceo cujo soccorro nunca falta. Carlos foi grande, Frederico ambicioso, este valente[376], aquelle poderoso[377]. Aquelles que desprezão[378] a sciencia[379] não conhecem[380] o valor d’ella. A providencia não abençoa[381] o trabalho[382] d’aquelles que desprezão os seus melhores amigos. Aquelles taes que não amão a virtude, não a conhecem. O homem que eu amo. O meu livro está na mesa. De todas as obras de engenho, nenhuma ha que não tenha o seu defeito[383]. A pessoa cuja reputação[384] vós admirais[385]. Um tal velhaco[386] deve[387] ser castigado[388]. Aprendem-se[389] com mais facilidade[390] as cousas que se comprehendem, do que as que se não comprehendem.

51.

Esta batalha[391] decidirá[392] a sorte[393] da campanha[394]. Este homem he sabio[395], aquelle he valente. Esta arvore he nova[396], essa velha, aquella foi desarraigada[397]. Este cavallo he arabe, est’outro he andaluz, aquell’outro he inglez. O culto[398] dos idolos[399], o qual he tão antigo como absurdo. As molestias[400] contra as quaes a medicina he impotente. Qual he o caracter distinctivo dos templos gothicos? O estado cujo governo, cujos habitantes, cuja religião, cujas instituições nos parecem[401] preferiveis[402]. O marido, cuja mulher, cujas filhas são virtuosas, deve reputar-se feliz. O amigo de cuja casa venho. Quem descobrio a America? Quem fôrão os primeiros habitantes da Grecia? Que homem he esse que vejo na estrada. Nenhum homem he izento[403] de paixões[404]. Elle em generosidade não cede a ninguem. Um morreo na India, o outro em França. Não faze a outrem o que não quizeras te fizessem a ti. Em taes circumstancias. A conclusão foi tal qual eu a esperava. Elle fallou[405] contra mim. Quaes são os requisitos de um bom pintor?

52.

Exercises.

I have a dress[406]. He has stockings[407]. She has shoes[408]. We have money[409]. You have houses. They have chairs[410]. He received the money from thee. This horse is handsomer than that one. This is white[411] and that is blue[412]. The wife of my uncle. The house of my sister. The woman whose husband was killed[413]. The man whose wife is so similar[414] to your sister. What are the requisites[415] to be a great minister[416]? Who has told you this? Of whom did you learn this news? What animals are there on this island[417]? The man who wishes to be esteemed[418] must esteem himself. All men must[419] die[420]. Every man and every woman received a present[421].

53.

Exercises.

I see nobody. Nobody answers me. The one lives in Holland[422] and the other in Germany[423]. The one is an honest man[424] and the other is a scoundrel[425]. Neither[5] the one nor[426] the other. This man is a Spaniard[427], the other an Englishman[428], and that one a German[429]. Everyone of these Indians. This is good[430] and that is bad[431]. This man loves only himself[432]. Many authors maintain[433]. In certain seasons[434] and in certain times[435]. A certain man said. A certain person. Such a man. The terror[436] was such that everyone fled[437]. Any one of the conspirators[438].

PART II.

Collection of Words.

1. The Universe.

Deos,

God

o arco iris,

the rainbow

o creador,

the creator

o trovão,

the thunder

o mundo,

the world

o calor,

the heat

o firmamento,

the sky

um relampago,

a lightning

um astro,

a star

o fogo,

the fire

o sol,

the sun

o frio,

the cold

um raio de sol,

a sunbeam

a geada,

the frost

a lua,

the moon

o gelo,

the ice

o luar,

the moonlight

a luz,

the light

uma nuvem,

a cloud

a neve,

the snow

uma estrella,

a star

o obscuridade,

the darkness

o céo, os céos,

the heaven

uma trovoada,

a storm

o nascer do sol,

sunrise

a chuva,

the rain

o pôr do sol,

sunset

o tempo,

the weather

um cometa,

a comet

o vento,

the wind.

2. The Seasons.

Primavera,

spring

Fevereiro,

February

estio, verão,

summer

Março,

March

outono,

autumn

Abril,

April

inverno,

winter

Maio,

May

Janeiro,

January

Junho,

June

Julho,

July

hora e meia,

an hour and a half

Agosto,

August

um quarto d’hora,

a quarter of an hour

Septembro,

September

um minuto,

a minute

Outubro,

October

um segundo,

a second

Novembro,

November

o despontar do dia,

the daybreak

Dezembro,

December

a madrugada,

the morning

Segunda feìra,

Monday

a manhã,

the forenoon

Terça feìra,

Tuesday

meio-dia,

noon

Quarta feìra,

Wednesday

a tarde,

the afternoon

Quinta feìra,

Thursday

o pôr do sol,

sunset

Sexta feìra,

Friday

a entrada,

the evening

Sabbado,

Saturday

a noite,

the night

Domingo,

Sunday

meia noite,

midnight

um seculo,

a century

hoje,

to-day

um anno,

a year

hontem,

yesterday

o anno passado,

the last year

antes d’hontem,

the day before yesterday

o anno que vem,

the next year

á manhã,

to-morrow

um moz,

a month

o fim,

the end, close.

uma semana,

a week

uma hora,

an hour

um dia,

a day

meia hora,

half an hour

3. Water.

Uma bahia,

a bay

uma torrente,

a torrent

agua corrente,

running water

as ondas,

the billows

agua enxarcada,

stagnant water

um barco de vapor,

a steamer

agua morta,

standing water

um brigue,

a brig

agua doce,

sweet water

uma fragata,

a frigate

agua do mar,

sea water

um navio mercante,

a merchant ship

um lago,

a pond

um navio de guerra,

a man of war

um rio,

a river

uma ancora,

an anchor

um lago, uma lagoa,

a lake

a rabadilha,

the stern

um charco,

a pool

a proa,

the head

a maré,

the tide

um remo,

an oar

maré alta,

high water

a cana do leme,

the helm

maré baixa,

low water

um masto,

a mast

o mar,

the sea

a bandeira,

the flag

mar perigoso,

a rough sea

a tolda,

the deck

as ondas,

the waves

um regato,

a brook

um nascente,

a spring

uma véla,

a sail

o velame,

the sails.

4. Individuals and Relations.

Um homem,

a man

uma irmã,

a sister

uma mulher,

a woman

um tio,

an uncle

as mulheres

women

uma tia,

an aunt

uma mulher casada,

a wife

um sobrinho,

a nephew

um menino,

a child

uma sobrinha,

a niece

um moço,

a boy

um primo,

a cousin

uma rapariga,

a girl

uma família,

a family

um mancebo,

a young man

os parentes,

the parents

uma moça,

a young maid

o marido,

the husband

um velho,

an old man

a esposa,

the wife

uma velha,

an old woman

o noivo,

the bridegroom

o avô,

the grandfather

a noiva,

the bride

a avó,

the grandmother

o sogro,

the father-in-law

o pai,

the father

a sogra,

the mother-in-law

a mai,

the mother

o genro,

the son-in-law

o filho,

the son

a nóra,

the daughter-in-law

a filha,

the daughter

um cunhado,

a brother-in-law

um irmão,

a brother

uma cunhada,

a sister-in-law.

5. The Human Body.

A pelle,

the skin

um joelho,

a knee

a barba,

the beard

uma perna,

a leg

a boca,

the mouth

uma face,

a cheek

um braço,

an arm

a língua,

the tongue

um cabello,

a hair

um beiço,

a lip

o coração,

the heart

uma mão,

a hand

o pescoço,

the neck

o nariz,

the nose

um dente,

a tooth

um olho,

an eye

um dedo,

a finger

uma orelha,

an ear

a espalda,

the back

um pé,

a foot

uma espadoa,

a shoulder

o pulso,

the fist

o estomago

the stomach

a cabeça,

the head.

a face,

the face

6. The House and Furniture.

Uma casa,

a house

um castiçal,

a candlestick

um palacio

a palace

uma vella de sebo,

a candle

uma quinta,

a country house

uma cheminé,

a chimney

uma livraria,

a library

uma comoda,

a chest of drawers

um quarto,

a room

um espelho de sala,

a looking-glass

um quarto de dormir,

a bedroom

um candieiro,

a lamp

a escada,

the staircase

uma cama

a bed

uma janella,

a window

uma cortina,

a curtain

o tecto de estuque,

the ceiling

uma papeleira,

a writing-desk

o solho,

the floor

um sofa,

a sofa

uma porta,

a door

uma mesa,

a table

uma fechadura,

a lock

um quadro,

a picture

a chave,

the key

um tapete,

a carpet

uma sala baixa,

a parlour

as gavetas,

drawers

uma sala da jantar

a dining room

uma toalha de mesa,

a table cloth

uma sala,

a drawingroom

uma colher,

a spoon

uma campaïnha,

the bell

uma colherinha,

a tea spoon

uma mobilia,

furniture

um garfo,

a fork

uma cadeira,

a chair

uma faca,

a knife.

7. Trees, Shrubs etc.

Os cereaes,

corn

uma figueira,

a fig-tree

a aveia,

oats

uma faia,

a beech

o feno,

hay

uma hera,

ivy

o trigo candeal,

wheat

um olmo,

an elm

a herva,

grass

um chopo,

a poplar

a batata,

potatoe

um pinheiro,

a pine

o arroz,

rice

um abeto,

a fir

uma bétula,

a birch

um salgueiro,

a willow

uma ceregeira,

a cherry tree

um til,

a lime-tree.

uma azinheira,

an oak

8. Fruits and Flowers.

Um damasco,

an apricot

um limão,

a lemon

uma cereja,

a cherry

um figo,

a fig

uma castanha,

a chestnut

um morango,

a strawberry

uma groselha,

a currant

o lirio dos valles,

the lily of the valley

groselha de bagos grossos,

a gooseberry

o cravo,

the pink

uma noz,

a nut

a papoula,

the poppy

uma pera,

a pear

a primavera,

the primrose

uma maçã,

an apple

a rosa,

the rose

o lirio

the lily

a tulipa,

the tulip

a margarita,

the daisy

a violeta,

the violet.

9. Dress.

Uma camiza,

a shirt

um brinco,

an ear-ring

umas ceroulas,

drawers

pulseiras,

bracelets

uma camizola,

an underwaistcoat

uma meia,

a stocking

uns calções,

breeches

um sapato,

a shoe

um colete,

a waistcoat

uma luva,

a glove

uma casaca,

a coat

uma bolsa,

a purse

um capote,

a cloak

um annel,

a ring

um chapéo,

a hat

pós,

powder

uma bota,

a boot

sabão,

soap

uma anagoa,

a pellicoat

uma toalha de mãos,

a towel

um vestido,

a gown

um pente,

a comb

uma touca,

a bonnet

uma escova,

a brush

um veo,

a veil

uma escova de dentes,

a toothbrush.

um collar,

a necklace

10. Town and Country.

Uma cidade,

a town

uma rua,

a street

uma aldea,

a village

um bosquesinho,

a thicket

os arrabaldes,

the suburbs

um campo,

a field

um candieiro de gaz,

a gas lamp

uma cavalhariça,

a stable

a calçada,

the pavement

uma floresta

a forest

uma praça,

a square

uma selva

uma ponte,

a bridge

uma sebe,

a hedge

um passeio,

a walk

um jardim,

a garden

um farol,

a lamp

um almargeal,

a meadow

um vergel,

an orchard.

11. Animals.

Um cervo,

a stag

um burro,

an ass

um crocodillo,

a crocodile

uma ovelha,

a sheep

um elephante  ,

an elephant

um borrego,

a lamb

um coelho,

a rabbit

um gato,

a cat

uma lebre,

a hare

um cão,

a dog

um lião,

a lion

um cavallo,

a horse

um leopardo,

a leopard

um macho,

a mule

um lobo,

a wolf

uma vaca,

a cow

um urso,

a bear

um bezerro,

a calf

uma panthera,

a panther

um boi,

an ox

um rato,

a rat

um leitão,

a pig

uma raposa,

a fox

o gado,

cattle

um mono,

a monkey

gado vacum,

herds

um tigre,

a tiger

godo meudo,

flocks.

12. Birds, Fishes and Insects.

Um pata,

a duck

uma perca,

a perch

um gallo,

a cock

um salmão,

a salmon

uma gallinha,

a hen

um linguado,

a sole

um ganso,

a goose

uma truta,

a trout

um pombo,

a pigeon

um rodavalho,

a turbot

uma aguia,

an eagle

uma abelha,

a bee

uma calhandra,

a lark

uma aranha,

a spider

uma cegonha,

a stork

um sapo,

a toad

um corvo,

a raven

uma borboleta,

a butterfly

um cisne,

a swan

uma serpente,

a serpent

uma andorinha,

a swallow

um escaravelho,

a beetle

um roussinol,

a nightingale

uma formiga,

an ant

uma enguia,

an eel

uma rã,

a frog

uma carpa,

a carp

uma vespa,

a wasp

um harenque,

a herring

uma mosca,

a fly

uma lagosta,

a lobster

um bicho,

a worm

uma ostra,

an oyster

uma vibora,

a viper.

uma sarda,

a mackerel

uma cobra,

an adder.

Easy Dialogues.

1. Eating and Drinking.

Are you hungry?

Vm. tem fome?

I have a good appetite.

Tenho boa vontade de comer.

I am very hungry.

Tenho bastante fome.

Eat something.

Coma alguma cousa.

What will you eat?

Que ha de Vm. comer?

What do you wish to eat?

Que é o que tem vontade de comer?

You do not eat.

O senhor naõ come.

I beg your pardon, I eat very heartily.

Com perdaõ de Vm., eu como muito bem.

I have eaten very heartily.

Tenho comido bastante.

I have dined with a good appetite.

Jantei de boa vontade.

Eat another piece.

Coma ainda mais alguma cousa.

I can eat no more.

Naõ comerei mais nada.

Are you thirsty?

Tem Vm. sêde?

Are you not thirsty?

Naõ tem Vm. sêde?

I am very thirsty.

Tenho bastante sêde.

I am dying of thirst.

Estou morrendo de sêde.

Let us drink.

Toça a beber.

Give me something to drink.

De-me de beber.

Will you drink a glass of wine?

Quer Vm. beber um copo de vinho?

Drink a glass of beer.

Tome um copo de cerveja.

Drink another glass of wine.

Beba mais esse copo de vinho.

Sir, I drink to your health.

Bebo a sua saude.

I have the honour to drink your health.

Tenho a honra de beber á sua saúde.

2. Going and Coming.

Where are you going?

Onde vai Vm.?

I am going home.

Vou para casa.

I was going to your house.

Hia á sua casa.

From whence do you come?

Donde vem Vm.?

I come from my brother’s.

Venho de casa de meu irmão.

I am coming from church.

Venho da igreja.

I have just left the school.

Saio da escola.

Will you go with me?

Quer Vm. vir commigo?

Whither do you wish to go?

Onde quer Vm. hir?

We will take a walk.

Hiremos passeiar.

We will take a walk.

Hiremos fazer um passeio.

With all my heart; most willingly.

Quero, pois naõ. Com muito gosto.

Which way shall we go?

Per onde iremos?

Any way you like.

Para aquella que quizer.

Let us go into the park.

Vamos a tapada.

Let us take your brother in our way.

Vamos ter de caminho com seu irmão.

As you please.

Como queira.

Is Mr. B. at home?

O senhor B. está em casa?

He is gone out.

Está fóra.

He is not at home.

Naõ está em casa.

Can you tell us where he is gone?

Pode Vm. dizer-me para onde foi?

I cannot tell you precisely.

Naõ saberei dizer-lhe ao certo.

I think he is gone to see his sister.

Creio que foi ver a irmã.

Do you know when he will come back?

Sabe Vm. quando ha de voltar?

No, he said nothing of it when he went out.

Naõ: partio sem m’odizer.

Then we must go without him.

Entaõ ir-nos hemos sem elle.

3. Questions and Answers.

Come nearer; I have something to tell you.

Venha ca, tenho que lhe dizer uma cousa.

I have a word to say to you.

Tenho que lhe dizer duas palavras.

Listen to me.

Escute-me.

I want to speak to you.

Tenho desejo de lhe fallar.

What is it you want?

Que ha de novo para o seu serviço?

I am speaking to you.

É com Vm. que fallo.

I am not speaking to you.

Naõ é com Vm. que eu fallo.

What do you say?

Que diz Vm.?

What did you say?

Que disse Vm.?

I say nothing.

Naõ disse nada.

Do you hear?

Entende?

Do you hear what I say?

Entende Vm. o que digo?

Do you understand me?

Entende-me Vm.?

Will you be so kind as to repeat...?

Quer Vm. repetil’o?

I understand you well.

Eu bem o entendo.

Why do you not answer me?

Por que me naõ responde?

Do you not speak Portuguese?

Vm. naõ falla portuguez?

Very little, Sir.

Muito pouco, senhor.

I understand it a little, but I do not speak it.

Entendo-o um pouco, porèm naõ fallo.

Speak louder.

Falle mais alto.

Do not speak so loud.

Naõ falle taõ alto.

Do not make so much noise.

Naõ faça tanta bulha.

Hold your tongue.

Calle-se.

Did you not tell me that...?

Naõ me disse Vm. que?

Who told you that?

Quem lhe disse isto?

They told me so.

Disseraõ-me.

Somebody has told it me.

Disse-m’o certa pessoa.

I have heard it.

Ouvi dizer.

What do you wish to say?

Que quer Vm. dizer?

What is that good for?

Para que é bom isto?

What do you call that?

Como chama Vm. a isto?

Do you know Mr. G.?

Conhece Vm. o senhor G.?

I know him by sight.

Conheço-o de vista.

I know him by name.

Conheço-o de nome.

4. The Age.

How old are you?

Que idade tem Vm.?

How old is your brother?

Que idade tem o senhor seu irmão.

I am twelve years old.

Tenho doze annos.

I am ten years and six months old.

Tenho dés annos e meio.

Next month I shall be sixteen years old.

Hei de fazer desaseis annos no mez que vem.

I was thirteen years old last week.

Fiz treze annos a semana passada.

You do not look so old.

Vm. naõ me parecia ter tanta idade.

You look older.

Vm. parecia ter mais idade.

I thought you were older.

Cuidava que era mais velho.

I did not think you were so old.

Naõ cuidava que tivese tanta idade.

How old may your uncle be?

Que idade tem seu tio?

He may be sixty years old.

Poderá ter sessenta annos.

He is about sixty years old.

Tem obra de sessenta annos.

He is more than fifty years old.

Tem mais de cincoenta annos.

He is a man of fifty and upwards.

É um homem de cincoenta e tantos annos.

He may be sixty or there abouts.

Poderá ter cousa de sessenta annos.

He is above eighty.

Tem mais de oitenta annos.

That is a great age.

É uma idade assás adiantada.

Is he so old?

É taõ idoso como isto?

He begins to grow old.

Começa a fazer-se velho.

5. The Time.

What o’clock is it?

Que horas saõ?

Pray tell me what time it is?

Tenha a bondade de dizer-me que horas saõ.

It is one o’clock.

É uma hora.

It is past one.

É uma hora passada.

It has struck one.

É uma hora ja dada.

It is a quarter past one.

É uma hora e um quarto.

It is half past one.

É hora e meia.

It wants ten minutes to two.

Saõ duas horas menos dés minutos.

It is not yet two o’clock.

Ainda naõ deraõ duas horas.

It is only twelve o’clock.

Naõ é mais que meio-dia.

It is almost three o’clock.

Saõ perto de tres horas.

It is on the stroke of three.

Saõ tres horas em ponto.

It is going to strike three.

Está a dar tres horas.

It is ten minutes past three.

Saõ tres horas e dés minutos.

The clock is going to strike.

O relogio está para dar horas.

There is the clock striking.

O relogio está dando horas.

It is not late.

Naõ é tarde.

It is later than I thought.

É mais tarde do que eu cuidava.

I did not think it was so late.

Naõ cuidava que fosse taõ tarde.

6. The Weather.

What kind of weather is it?

Que especie de tempo faz?

It is bad weather.

Faz máo tempo.

It is cloudy.

Faz um tempo escuro.

It is dreadful weather.

Faz um tempo horrivel.

It is fine weather.

Faz bom tempo.

We are going to have a fine day.

Havemos de ter um optimo dia.

It is dewy.

Ha muito orvalho.

It is foggy.

Faz nevoa.

It is rainy weather.

Faz um tempo chuvoso.

It threatens to rain.

O tempo está embrulhado.

The sky becomes very cloudy.

O céo se esconde.

The sky is getting very dark.

O céo se escurece.

The sun is coming out.

O sol começa a apparecer.

The weather is clearing up again.

O tempo principia a concertar-se.

It is very warm.

Faz bastante calma.

It is sultry.

Faz uma calma que abafa.

It is very mild.

Faz um tempo bem brando.

It is cold.

Faz frio.

It is excessively cold.

Faz um frio terrivel.

It is raw weather.

Faz um tempo frio e juntamente humido.

It rains.

Chove.

It has been raining.

Choveo.

It is going to rain.

Está para chover.

I feel some drops of rain.

Sinto alguns choviscos.

There are some drops of rain falling.

Caem algumas gotas d’agua.

It hails.

Cae pedra.

It snows; it is snowing.

Neva. Está chovendo neve.

It has been snowing.

Cahio bastante neve.

It snows in large flakes.

Cahe neve em frocos.

It freezes.

Géla.

It has frozen.

Cahio geada.

It begins to thaw.

O tempo começa a abrandar-se.

It thaws.

Ha degêlo.

It is very windy.

Faz bastante vento.

The wind is very high.

Faz uma grande ventania.

There is no air stirring.

Naõ ha viraçaõ.

It lightens.

Está fazendo relampagos.

It has lightened all night.

Toda esta noite fez relampagos.

It thunders.

Troveja.

The thunder roars.

Está trovejando.

The thunderbolt has fallen.

Cahio um raio.

It is stormy weather.

O tempo ameaça trovoada.

We shall have a thunderstorm.

Havemos de ter alguma trovoada.

The sky begins to clear up.

O céo começa a limpar-se.

The weather is very unsettled.

O tempo está bem inconstante.

It is very muddy.

Faz bastante lama.

It is very dusty.

Ha muita poeira.

It is very slippery.

Escorrega muito.

It is bad walking.

Faz máo tempo para se sahir.

It is day-light.

Faz dia.

It is dark.

Faz escuro.

It is night.

Faz noite.

It is moonlight.

Faz luar.

Do you think it will be fine weather?

Cuida Vm. que teremos bom tempo?

I do not think that it will rain.

Creio que não ha de chover.

I am afraid it will rain.

Tenho medo que chova.

I fear so.

Eu assim o creio.

7. Salutation.

Good morning, Sir.

Bons dias senhor.

I wish you good morning.

Tenha Vm. bons dias.

How do you do?

Como está Vm.?

How are you?

Do you continue in good health?

Está sempre de saúde?

Pretty good; and how are you?

Muito bem, e Vm.?

Are you well?

Vm. está bem disposto?

Very well, and you?

Muito bem, e Vm.?

I am perfectly well.

Acho-me as mil maravilhas.

And how is it with you?

E Vm. como vai de saúde?

As usual.

Como do costume.

Pretty well, thank God.

Assas bem, graças a Deus.

I am very happy to see you well.

Estou encantado de o ver em perfeita saúde.

8. The Visit.

There is a knock.

Batem a porta.

Somebody knocks.

Alguem está batendo a porta.

Go and see who it is.

Vai ver quem é.

Go and open the door.

Vai abrir a porta.

It is Mrs. B.

É a senhora B.

I wish you good morning.

Tenha Vm. muito bons dias.

I am happy to see you.

Estou encantado de a ver.

I have not seen you this age.

Ha um seculo que naõ a hei visto.

It is a novelty to see you.

É milagre vel’a.

Pray, sit down.

Queira assentar-se.

Sit down if you please.

Tenha a bondade de assentar-se.

Take a seat.

Queira ter o incommodo de assentar-se.

Give a chair to the lady.

Dê uma cadeira á senhora.

Will you stay and take some dinner with us?

Quer Vm. ficar para jantar comnosco.

I cannot stay.

Naõ posso demorar-me.

I only came in to see how you are.

Entrei sómente para saber da sua saúde.

I must go.

Naõ me posso demorar mais.

You are in a great hurry.

Vm. tem muita pressa.

Why are you in such a hurry?

Que pressa é esta?

I have a great many things to do.

Tenho muito que fazer.

Surely you can stay a little longer.

Vm. bem pode demorar-se mais uma instante.

I will stay longer another time.

Em outra vez ficarei mais tempo.

I thank you for your visit.

Receba os meus agradecimentos pela visita.

I hope to see you soon again.

Espero de o ver bem cédo.

9. Breakfast.

Have you breakfasted?

Vm. já almoçou?

Not yet.

Ainda naõ.

You have come just in time.

Chega em boa occasiaõ.

You will breakfast with us.

Almoçará comnosco.

Breakfast is ready.

O almoço está prompto.

Do you drink tea or coffee?

Toma Vm. chá, ou café?

Would you prefer chocolate?

Gosta talvez mais de chocolate?

I prefer coffee.

Prefiro o café.

What can I offer you?

Que lhe poderei offerecer?

Here are rolls and toast.

Ahi tem paõ e fatias.

What do you like best?

De qual gosta mais?

I shall take a roll.

Comerei um destes pãezinhos.

How do you like the coffee?

Como acha Vm. o café?

Is the coffee strong enough?

Acha Vm. o café com bastante força?

It is excellent.

Acho-o excellente.

Is there enough sugar in it?

Tem assucar sufficiente?

If there is not, do not make any ceremony.

Se não tem o que é mister, não faça ceremonias.

Act as if you were at home.

Faça como se estivesse em sua casa.

10. Before Dinner.

At what time do we dine to-day?

Á que horas jantamos hoje?

We shall dine at four o’clock.

Devemos jantar ás quatro.

We shall not dine before five o’clock.

Nem antes das cinco o faremos.

Shall we have anybody to dinner to-day?

Teremos hoje alguem de fóra?

Do you expect company?

Espera Vm. gente?

I expect Mr. B.

Espero pelo senhor B.

Mr. D. has promised to come

O senhor por D. prometteo de vir,

if the weather permits.

se o tempo permitisse.

Have you given orders for dinner?

Deo Vm. já os ordens para o jantar?

What have you ordered for dinner?

Que encommendou Vm. para o jantar?

Have you sent for fish?

Mandou Vm. vir peixe?

I could not get any fish.

Naõ pude haver peixe.

I fear we shall have

Quer me parecer,

a very indifferent dinner.

que havemos de ter um máo jantar.

We must do as we can.

Faremos como podermos.

11. The Dinner.

To what shall I help you?

Que quer que lhe sirva?

Will you take a little soup?

Quer uma pouca de sopa?

I thank you. I will trouble you for a little beef.

Obrigado, aceitarei um pouco de vaca.

It looks so very nice.

Tem mui boa apparencia.

Which part do you like best?

De que parte gosta mais?

I hope you like this piece.

Espero que este bocado é a seu gosto.

Gentlemen, you have dishes near you.

Senhores, Vm. tem dous pratos diante de si.

Help yourselves.

Sirvaõ-se.

Take without ceremony what you

Sirvaó-se sem ceremonia daquillo de que

like best.

mais gostarem.

Would you like a little of this roastmeat?

Quer um pouco deste assado?

Will you have some fat?

Gosta de gordura?

Give me some of this lean, if you please.

Dê-me do que naõ tem gordura, por quem é.

How do you like the roastmeat?

Que tal acha o ássado?

It is excellent, delicious.

Excellente.

What will you take with your meat?

Que quer Vm. comer com a carne?

Shall I help you to some vegetables?

Posso servir-lhe alguma hortaliça?

Will you take peas or cauliflower?

Quer Vm. ervilhas ou couves flores?

It is quite indifferent to me.

Gosto tanto d’um, como d’outro.

I shall send you a piece of this fowl.

Vou servir-lhe desta ave.

No, thank you, I can eat no more.

Muito obrigado, tenho comido sufficiente.

You are a poor eater.

Vm. come mui pouco.

You eat nothing.

Vm. naõ come nada.

I beg your pardon, I do honour to your dinner.

Pelo contrario como sufficiente.

You may take away.

Podem tirar a mesa.

12. Tea.

Have you carried in the tea-things?

Trouxeste tudo quanto é mister para o chá?

Everything is on the table.

Está tudo na mesa.

Does the water boil?

A agua está a ferver?

Tea is ready.

O chá está prompto.

They are waiting for you.

Estamos á sua espera.

Here I am.

Eis-me prompto.

We have not cups enough.

As chicaras naõ saõ sufficientes.

We want two more cups and saucers.

É mister mais duas.

Bring another tea-spoon and a saucer.

Falta tambem uma colher e um pires.

You have not brought in the sugar-tongs.

Esqueces-te de trazer a tenaz do assucar.

Do you take cream?

Toma Vm leite?

The tea is so strong.

O chá está muito forte.

I shall thank you for a little more milk.

Pedir-lhe hei mais um pouco de leite.

Here are cakes and muffins.

Ahi tem bolos, e bolachas.

Do you prefer some bread and butter?

Tal vez queira antes fatias de paõ com manteiga?

I shall take a slice of bread and butter.

Aceitarei uma fatia de paõ com manteiga.

Pass the plate this way.

Passe para cá o prato.

Ring the bell, if you please.

Toque a campainha.

Will you kindly ring the bell?

Tenha a bondade de tocar a campainha?

We want some more water.

E nos mister mais agua.

Bring it as quickly as possible.

Traze-as o mais de pressa possivel.

Take the plate with you.

Leva ao mesmo tempo este prato.

Is your tea sweet enough?

O seu chá tem o assucar sufficiente?

Have I put sugar enough in your tea?

Naõ sei se deitei bastante assucar no seu chá?

It is excellent.

Está muy bem temperado.

I do not like it quite so sweet.

Naõ gosto delle muito doce.

Your tea is very good.

O seu chá é muito bom.

Where do you buy it?

Onde o compra?

I buy it at...

Compro-o em casa de...

Have you already done?

Vm. naõ quer mais chá?

You will take another cup.

Vm. ha de tomar mais uma chicara.

I shall pour you out half a cup.

Vou dar-lhe uma meia chicara.

You will not refuse me.

Espero qui naõ a ha de engeitar.

I have already drunk three cups,

Já tomei tres chicaras

and I never drink more.

e nunca tomo mais.

SECOND COURSE.

Verbs.

The Auxiliary Verbs.

1.

Ter and Haver, to have.

Infinitive Mood.

Present.

ter

or

haver,

to have.

Past.

ter tido

—

ter havido,

to have had.

Gerund.

tendo

—

havendo,

having.

Participles.

tido, tida

—

havido, havida,

had.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu tenho

or

hei,

I have

tu tens

—

has,

thou hast

elle or ella tem

—

ha,

he or she has

nós temos

—

havemos or hemos,

we have

vós tendes

—

haveis,

you have

elles or ellas tem

—

hão,

they have.

Imperfect.

tinha

or

havia,

I had

tinhas

—

havias,

thou hadst

tinha

—

havia,

he had

tinhamos

—

haviamos,

we had

tinheis

—

havieis,

you had

tinhão

—

havião,

they had.

Past definite.

tive

or

houve,

I have had

tiveste

—

houveste,

thou hast had

teve

—

houve,

he has had

tivemos

—

houvemos

we have had

tivestes

—

houvestes,

you have had

tiverão

—

houverão,

they have had.

Past indefinite.

tenho tido

or

tenho havido,

I have had.

tens tido

—

tens havido,

tem tido

—

tem havido,

temos tido

—

temos havido,

tendes tido

—

tendes havido,

tem tido

—

tem havido,

Past anterior.

tivera

or

houvera,

I had had

tiveras

—

houveras,

thou hadst had

tivera

—

houvera,

he had had

tiveramos

—

houveramos,

we had had

tivereis

—

houvereis,

you had had

tiverão

—

houverão,

they had had.

Pluperfect.

tinha tido

or

tinha havido,

I had had

tinhas tido

—

tinhas havido,

thou hadst had

tinha tido

—

tinha havido,

he had had

tinhamos tido

—

tinhamos havido,

we had had

tinheis tido

—

tinheis havido,

you had had

tinhão tido

—

tinhão havido,

they had had.

Future.

terei

or

haverei,

I shall have

terás

—

haverás,

thou shalt have

terá

—

haverá,

he shall have

teremos

—

haveremos,

we shall have

tereis

—

havereis,

you shall have

terão

—

haverão,

they shall have.

Compound Future anterior.

hei de ter

or

hei de haver,

I shall

(must, will)

have.

has de ter

—

has de haver,

ha de ter

—

ha de haver,

havemos de ter

—

havemos de haver,

haveis de ter

—

haveis de haver,

hão de ter

—

hão de haver,

Future past.

terei tido

or

terei havido,

I shall have had

terás tido

—

terás havido,

thou shalt have had

terá tido

—

terá havido,

he shall have had

teremos tido

—

teremos havido,

we shall have had

tereis tido

—

tereis havido,

you shall have had

terão tido

—

terão havido,

they shall have had.

Conditional.

teria

or

haveria,

I should have

terias

—

haverias,

thou shouldst have

teria

—

haveria,

he should have

teriamos

—

haveriamos,

we should have

terieis

—

haverieis,

you should have

terião

—

haverião,

they should have.

Conditional past.

teria tido

or

teria havido,

I should

have had.

terias tido

—

terias havido,

teria tido

—

teria havido,

teriamos tido

—

teriamos havido,

terieis tido

—

terieis havido,

terião tido

—

terião havido,

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que tenha

or

haja,

that I may have

tenhas

—

hajas,

that thou mayest have

tenha

—

haja,

that he may have

tenhamos

—

hajamos,

that we may have

tenhais

—

hajais,

that you may have

tenhão

—

hajão,

that they may have.

Imperfect.

que tivéra

or

houvéra,

that I might have

tivéras

—

houvéras,

that thou mightst have

tivéra

—

houvéra,

that he might have

tivéramos

—

houvéramos,

that we might have

tivéreis

—

houvéreis,

that you might have

tivérão

—

houvérão,

that they might have.

Past definite.

que tivesse

or

houvesse,

that I may have had

tivesses

—

houvesses,

that thou mayest have had

tivesse

—

houvesse,

that he may have had

tivessemos

—

houvessemos,

that we may have had

tivesseis

—

houvesseis,

that you may have had

tivessem

—

houvessem,

that they may have had.

Past indefinite.

que tenha tido

or

tenha havido,

that I may have had

tenhas tido

—

tenhas havido,

that thou mayest have had

tenha tido

—

tenha havido,

that he may have had

tenhamos tido

—

tenhamos havido,

that we may have had

tenhais tido

—

tenhais havido,

that you may have had

tenhão tido

—

tenhão havido,

that they may have had.

Pluperfect.

que tivesse tido

or

tivesse havido,

that I might have had

tivesses tido

—

tivesses havido,

that thou mightst have had

tivesse tido

—

tivesse havido,

that he might have had

tivessemos tido

—

tivessemos havido,

that we might have had

tivesseis tido

—

tivesseis havido,

that you might have had

tivessem tido

—

tivessem havido,

that they might have had.

Simple Future.

quando eu tiver

or

eu houver,

when I shall have

tu tiveres

—

tu houveres,

when thou shalt have

elle tiver

—

elle houver,

when he shall have

nos tivermos

—

nos houvermos,

when we shall have

vos tiverdes

—

vos houverdes,

when you shall have

elles tiverem

—

elles houverem,

when they shall have.

Compound Future.

que haja de ter

or

haja de haver,

that I shall have

hajas de ter

—

hajas de haver,

that thou shalt have

haja de ter

—

haja de haver,

that he shall have

hajamos de ter

—

hajamos de haver,

that we shall have

hajais de ter

—

hajais de haver,

that you shall have

hajão de ter

—

hajão de haver,

that they shall have.

Future past.

quando

(se)

eu tiver tido

or

tiver havido,

when I shall have had

tu tiveres tido

—

tiveres havido,

when thou shalt have had

elle tiver tido

—

tiver havido,

when he shall have had

nos tivermos tido

—

tivermos havido,

when we shall have had

vos tiverdes tido

—

tiverdes havido,

when you shall have had

elles tiverem tido

—

tiverem havido,

when they shall have had.

Imperative.

First Person: wanting.

tem tu

or

hajas tu,

have thou

tenha elle

—

haja elle (ella),

let him (her) have

tenhamos nós

—

hajamos nós,

let us have

tende vós

—

havei vós,

have ye

tenhão elles

—

hajão elles (ellas),

let them have.

Obs. All Verbs composed of ter, are conjugated like it, as: conter, deter, manter, obter, reter etc.

2.

Examples.

Tenho pão[439]. Tens carne[440]. Elle tem vinho[441]. Tinhamos ameixas[442]. Eu tive morangos[443]. Elle teve uma laranja[444]. Tivemos framboezas[445]. Elles tiverão figos[446]. Hei de ter groselhas[447]. Meu irmão[448] ha de ter nozes[449]. Minhas irmãas[450] hão de ter nesperas[451]. Eu teria vacca[452]. Meu amigo[453] teria vitella[454]. Tereis assado[455]. Elles terião presunto[456]. Tenha elle pastel[457]. Tenhão elles ovos[458]. Tenhamos bolo[459]. Tende vós salada[460]. Que eu tivesse pimenta[461]. Que tu tivesses vinagre[462]. Que elle tivesse azeite[463]. Que nós tivessemos mostarda[464]. Que vós tivesseis assucar[465]. Que elles tivessem especiarias[466].

3.

Exercises.

I have beer[467]. Thou hast fruit[468]. He has apples[469]. We have a pear[470]. You have peaches[471]. They have cherries[472]. I had grapes[473]. Thou hadst almonds[474]. He had mulberries[475]. We had an apricot[476]. You had cheese[477]. They had milk[478]. I shall have hazelnuts[479]. My brother will have butter[480]. We shall have chestnuts[481]. You will have a lemon[482]. Our gardener[483] will have celery[484]. I would have cake. Thou wouldst have salad. He would have onions[485]. Our game keeper[486] would have venison[487]. We would have sour cherries[488]. You would have raisins[489]. Our cooks[490] would have olives[491]. That our friends[492] have a rosetree[493]. That we have a myrtle[494]. That you have an apricot-tree[495]. That our sisters have a bouquet[496]. That I had cream[497]. That thou hadst salt[498]. That he had coffee[499]. That we had tea[500]. That she had chocolate[501]. Have courage[502]. He may have a book[503]. Let us have patience[504]. Have a watermelon[505]. Let them have a melon[506].

4.

Examples.

Tenho por ventura[507] uma faca[508]? Tens tu um garfo[509]? Tendes vós guardanapos[510]? Tem elles uma toalha[511]? Tinha eu um prato[512]? Tem ella um copo[513]? Temos nós copos? Tendes vós ouro[514]? Tem elles prata[515]? Tinha eu uma colher[516]? Tinhamos nós uma garrafa[517]? Tinhão elles ferro[518]? Tive eu aço[519]? Tivestes vós chumbo[520]? Terei eu papel[521]? Terás tu pennas[522]? Vosso amigo terá o seu canivete[523]? Teremos nós livros? Tereis vós tinta[524]? Suas irmãas, terão uma casa[525]? Teria eu uma flor[526]? Tereis vós um jardim[527]?

5.

Exercises.

Have I by accident a chamber[528]? Hast thou a castle[529]? Has he a tree[530]? Have we money[531]? Are you (have you) thirsty[532]? Have thy friends a sword? Had I an opportunity[533]? Hadst thou a razor[534]? Had you a horse[535]? Had you permission[536]? Would I have a tankard[537]? Would she have a cat[538]? Would we have a goat[539]? Would you have a cow[540]? Would they have an ox[541]? Would I have had a mule[542]? Wouldst thou have had a dog[543]?

6.

Conjugation of the Verbs “ser” and “estar”, to be.

Infinitive Mood.

Present.

ser

or

estar,

to be.

Past.

ter sido

—

ter estado,

to have been.

Gerund.

sendo

—

estando,

being.

Participles.

sido, sida

—

estado, estada,

been.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu sou

or

estou,

I am

tu es

—

estás,

thou art

elle (ella) he

—

está,

he (she) is

nós somos

—

estamos,

we are

vós sois

—

estais,

you are

elles (ellas) são

—

estão,

they are.

Imperfect.

era

or

estava,

I was

eras

—

estavas,

thou wast

era

—

estava,

he was

eramos

—

estavamos,

we were

ereis

—

estaveis,

you were

erão

—

estavão,

they were.

Past definite.

fui

or

estive,

I have been

foste

—

estiveste,

thou hast been

foi

—

esteve,

he has been

fomos

—

estivemos,

we have been

fostes

—

estivestes,

you have been

forão

—

estiverão,

they have been.

Past indefinite.

tenho sido

or

tenho estado,

I have been

tens sido

—

tens estado,

thou hast been

tem sido

—

tem estado,

he has been

temos sido

—

temos estado,

we have been

tendes sido

—

tendes estado,

you have been

tem sido

—

tem estado,

they have been.

Past anterior.

fora

or

estivera,

I had been

foras

—

estiveras,

thou hadst been

fora

—

estivera,

he had been

foramos

—

estiveramos,

we had been

foreis

—

estivereis,

you had been

forão

—

estiverão,

they had been.

Pluperfect.

tinha sido

or

tinha estado,

I had been

tinhas sido

—

tinhas estado,

thou hadst been

tinha sido

—

tinha estado,

he had been

tinhamos sido

—

tinhamos estado,

we had been

tinheis sido

—

tinheis estado,

you had been

tinhão sido

—

tinhão estado,

they had been.

Future.

serei

or

estarei,

I shall be

serás

—

estarás,

thou shalt be

será

—

estará,

he shall be

seremos

—

estaremos,

we shall be

sereis

—

estareis,

you shall be

serão

—

estarão,

they shall be.

Future anterior.

hei de ser

or

hei de estar,

I shall be

has de ser

—

has de estar,

thou shalt be

ha de ser

—

ha de estar,

he shall be

havemos de ser

—

havemos de estar,

we shall be

haveis de ser

—

haveis de estar,

you shall be

hão de ser

—

hão de estar,

they shall be.

Future past.

terei sido

or

terei estado,

I shall have been

terás sido

—

terás estado,

thou shalt have been

terá sido

—

terá estado,

he shall have been

teremos sido

—

teremos estado,

we shall have been

tereis sido

—

tereis estado,

you shall have been

terão sido

—

terão estado,

they shall have been.

Conditional.

seria

or

estaria,

I should be

serias

—

estarias,

thou shouldst be

seria

—

estaria,

he should be

seriamos

—

estariamos,

we should be

serieis

—

estarieis,

you should be

serião

—

estarião,

they should be.

Conditional past.

teria sido

or

teria estado,

I should have been

terias sido

—

terias estado,

thou shouldst have been

teria sido

—

teria estado,

he should have been

teriamos sido

—

teriamos estado,

we should have been

terieis sido

—

terieis estado,

you should have been

terião sido

—

terião estado,

they should have been.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que seja

or

esteja,

that I may be

sejas

—

estejas,

that thou mayest be

seja

—

esteja,

that he may be

sejamos

—

estejamos,

that we may be

sejais

—

estejais,

that you may be

sejão

—

estejão,

that they may be.

Imperfect.

que fora

or

estivera,

that I might be

foras

—

estiveras,

that thou mightst be

fora

—

estivera,

that he might be

foramos

—

estiveramos,

that we might be

foreis

—

estivereis,

that you might be

forão

—

estiverão,

that they might be.

Past definite.

que fosse

or

estivesse,

that I may have been

fosses

—

estivesses,

that thou mayest have been

fosse

—

estivesse,

that he may have been

fossemos

—

estivessemos,

that we may have been

fosseis

—

estivesseis,

that you may have been

fossem

—

estivessem,

that they may have been.

Past indefinite.

que tenha sido

or

tenha estado,

that I may have been

tenhas sido

—

tenhas estado,

that thou mayest have been

tenha sido

—

tenha estado,

that he may have been

tenhamos sido

—

tenhamos estado,

that we may have been

tenhais sido

—

tenhais estado,

that you may have been

tenhão sido

—

tenhão estado,

that they may have been.

Pluperfect.

que tivesse sido

or

tivesse estado,

that I might have been

tivesses sido

—

tivesses estado,

that thou mightst have been

tivesse sido

—

tivesse estado,

that he might have been

tivessemos sido

—

tivessemos estado,

that we might have been

tivesseis sido

—

tivesseis estado,

that you might have been

tivessem sido

—

tivessem estado,

that they might have been.

Simple Future.

que for

or

estiver,

that I shall be

fores

—

estiveres,

that thou shalt be

for

—

estiver,

that he shall be

formos

—

estivermos,

that we shall be

fordes

—

estiverdes,

that you shall be

forem

—

estiverem,

that they shall be.

Compound Future.

que haja de ser

or

haja de estar,

that I shall be.

hajas de ser

—

hajas de estar,

haja de ser

—

haja de estar,

hajamos de ser

—

hajamos de estar,

hajais de ser

—

hajais de estar,

hajão de ser

—

hajão de estar

Future past.

quando

tiver sido

or

tiver estado,

when I shall have been

tiveres sido

—

tiveres estado,

when thou shalt have been

tiver sido

—

tiver estado,

when he shall have been

tivermos sido

—

tivermos estado,

when we shall have been

tiverdes sido

—

tiverdes estado,

when you shall have been

tiverem sido

—

tiverem estado,

when they shall have been.

Imperative.

sê tu

or

está tu,

be thou

seja elle

—

esteja elle,

let him be

sejamos nós

—

estejamos nós,

let us be

sede vós

—

estai vós,

be ye

sejão elles

—

estejão elles,

let them be.

7.

The Regular Verbs.

Active Verbs.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

Amar,  to love.

Infinitive Mood.

Present.

amar,

to love.

Perfect.

ter amado,

to have loved.

Gerund.

amando,

loving.

Participles.

amado, amada,

loved.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

amo,

I love

amas,

thou lovest

ama,

he loves

amamos,

we love

amais,

you love

amão,

they love.

Imperfect.

amava,

I loved

amavas,

thou lovest

amava,

he loved

amávamos,

we loved

amaveis,

you loved

amavão,

they loved.

Past definite.

amei,

I have loved

amaste,

thou hast loved

amou,

he has loved

amámos,

we have loved

amastes,

you have loved

amárão,

they have loved.

Past indefinite.

tenho amado,

I have loved

tens amado,

thou hast loved

tem amado,

he has loved

temos amado,

we have loved

tendes amado,

you have loved

tem amado,

they have loved.

Past anterior.

amára,

I had loved

amáras,

thou hadst loved

amára,

he had loved

amáramos,

we had loved

amáreis,

you had loved

amárão,

they had loved.

Pluperfect.

tinha amado,

I had loved

tinhas amado,

thou hadst loved

tinha amado,

he had loved

tinhamos amado,

we had loved

tinheis amado,

you have loved

tinhão amado,

they have loved.

Future.

amarei,

I shall love

amarás,

thou shalt love

amará,

he shall love

amaremos,

we shall love

amareis,

you shall love

amarão,

they shall love.

Future anterior.

hei de amar,

I shall love

has de amar,

thou shalt love

ha de amar,

he shall love

havemos de amar,

we shall love

haveis de amar,

you shall love

hão de amar,

they shall love.

Future past.

terei amado,

I shall have loved

terás amado,

thou shalt have loved

terá amado,

he shall have loved

teremos amado,

we shall have loved

tereis amado,

you shall have loved

terão amado,

they shall have loved.

Conditional.

amaria,

I should love

amarias,

thou shouldst love

amaria,

he should love

amariamos,

we should love

amarieis,

you should love

amarião,

they should love.

Conditional past.

teria amado,

I should have loved

terias amado,

thou shouldst have loved

teria amado,

he should have loved

teriamos amado,

we should have loved

terieis amado,

you should have loved

terião amado,

they should have loved.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

ame,

that I may love

ames,

that thou mayest love

ame,

that he may love

amemos,

that we may love

ameis,

that you may love

amem,

that they may love.

Imperfect.

que

amára,

that I might love

amáras,

that thou mightst love

amára,

that he might love

amáramos,

that we might love

amáreis,

that you might love

amárão,

that they might love.

Past definite.

que

amasse,

that I may have loved

amasses,

that thou mayest have loved

amasse,

that he may have loved

amassemos,

that we may have loved

amasseis,

that you may have loved

amassem,

that they may have loved.

Past indefinite.

que

tenha amado,

that I may have loved

tenhas amado,

that thou mayest have loved

tenha amado,

that he may have loved

tenhamos amado,

that we may have loved

tenhais amado,

that you may have loved

tenhão amado,

that they may have loved.

Pluperfect.

que

tivesse amado,

that I might have loved

tivesses amado,

that thou mightst have loved

tivesse amado,

that he might have loved

tivessemos amado,

that we might have loved

tivesseis amado,

that you might have loved

tivessem amado,

that they might have loved.

Future.

que

amar,

when I shall love

amares,

when thou shalt love

amar,

when he shall love

amarmos,

when we shall love

amardes,

when you shall love

amarem,

when they shall love.

Compound Future.

que

haja de amar,

that I shall love

hajas de amar,

that thou shalt love

haja de amar,

that he shall love

hajamos de amar,

that we shall love

hajais de amar,

that you shall love

hajão de amar,

that they shall love.

Future past.

que

tiver amado,

when I shall have loved

tiveres amado,

when thou shalt have loved

tiver amado,

when he shall have loved

tivermos amado,

when we shall have loved

tiverdes amado,

when you shall have loved

tiverem amado,

when they shall have loved.

Imperative.

ama tu,

love thou

ame elle,

let him love

amemos nós,

let us love

amai vós,

love ye

amem elles,

let them love.

8.

SECOND CONJUGATION.

Receber, to receive.

Infinitive Mood.

Present.

receber,

to receive.

Past.

ter recebido,

to have received.

Gerund.

recebendo,

receiving.

Participles.

recebido, -a,

received.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu recebo,

I receive

tu recebes,

thou receivest

elle recebe,

he receives

nós recebemos,

we receive

vós recebeis,

you receive

elles recebem,

they receive.

Imperfect.

recebia,

I received

recebias,

thou receivedst

recebia,

he received

recebiamos,

we received

recebieis,

you received

recebião,

they received.

Past definite.

recebi,

I have received

recebeste,

thou hast received

recebeo,

he has received

recebémos,

we have received

recebestes,

you have received

receberão,

they have received.

Past indefinite.

tenho recebido,

I have received

tens recebido,

thou hast received

tem recebido,

he has received

temos recebido,

we have received

tendes recebido,

you have rec.

tem recebido,

they have received.

Past anterior.

recebera,

I had received

receberas,

thou hadst received

recebera,

he had received

receberamos,

we had received

recebereis,

you had received

receberão,

they had received.

Pluperfect.

tinha recebido,

I had received

tinhas recebido,

thou hadst rec.

tinha recebido,

he had received

tinhamos recebido,

we had rec.

tinheis recebido,

you had rec.

tinhão recebido,

they had rec.

Future.

receberei,

I shall receive

receberás,

thou shalt receive

receberá,

he shall receive

receberemos,

we shall receive

recebereis,

you shall receive

receberão,

they shall receive.

Future anterior.

hei de receber,

I shall receive

has de receber,

thou shall rec.

ha de receber,

he shall rec.

havemos de receber,

we shall rec.

haveis de receber,

you shall rec.

hão de receber,

they shall rec.

Future past.

terei recebido,

I shall have rec.

terás recebido,

thou shalt have rec.

terá recebido,

he shall have rec.

teremos recebido,

we shall have rec.

tereis recebido,

you shall have rec.

terão recebido,

they shall have rec.

Conditional.

receberia,

I should receive

receberias,

thou shouldst receive

receberia,

he should receive

receberiamos,

we should receive

receberieis,

you should receive

receberião,

they should receive.

Conditional past.

teria recebido,

I should have received

terias recebido,

thou shouldst have received

teria recebido,

he should have received

teriamos recebido,

we should have received

terieis recebido,

you should have received

terião recebido,

they should have received.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

receba,

that I may receive

recebas,

that thou mayest receive

receba,

that he may receive

recebamos,

that we may receive

recebais,

that you may receive

recebão,

that they may receive.

Imperfect.

que

recebéra,

that I might receive

recebéras,

that thou mightst receive

recebéra,

that he might receive

recebéremos,

that we might receive

recebéreis,

that you might receive

recebérão,

that they might receive.

Past definite.

que

recebesse,

that I may have received

recebesses,

that thou mayest have received

recebesse,

that he may have received

recebessemos,

that we may have received

recebesseis,

that you may have received

recebessem,

that they may have received.

Past indefinite.

que

tenha recebido,

that I may have received

tenhas recebido,

that thou mayest have received

tenha recebido,

that he may have received

tenhamos recebido,

that we may have received

tenhais recebido,

that you may have received

tenhão recebido,

that they may have received.

Pluperfect.

que

tivesse recebido,

that I might have received

tivesses recebido,

that thou mightst have received

tivesse recebido,

that he might have received

tivessemos recebido,

that we might have received

tivesseis recebido,

that you might have received

tivessem recebido,

that they might have received.

Future.

quando

receber,

when I shall receive

receberes,

when thou shalt receive

receber,

when he shall receive

recebermos,

when we shall receive

receberdes,

when you shall receive

receberem,

when they shall receive.

Compound Future.

que

haja de receber,

that I shall receive

hajas de receber,

that thou shalt receive

haja de receber,

that he shall receive

hajamos de receber,

that we shall receive

hajais de receber,

that you shall receive

hajão de receber,

that they shall receive.

Future past.

quando

tiver recebido,

when I shall have received

tiveres recebido,

when thou shalt have received

tiver recebido,

when he shall have received

tivermos recebido,

when we shall have received

tiverdes recebido,

when you shall have received

tiverem recebido,

when they shall have received.

Imperative Mood.

recebe tu,

receive thou

receba elle,

let him receive

recebamos nós,

let us receive

recebei vós,

receive ye

recebão,

let them receive.

9.

THIRD CONJUGATION.

Partir, to divide.

Infinitive Mood.

Present.

partir,

to divide.

Past.

ter partido,

to have divided.

Gerund.

partindo,

dividing.

Participles.

partido, partida,

divided.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

parto,

I divide

partes,

thou dividest

parte,

he divides

partimos,

we divide

partis,

you divide

partem,

they divide.

Imperfect.

partia,

I divided

partias,

thou dividedst

partia,

he divided

partiamos,

we divided

partieis,

you divided

partião,

they divided.

Past definite.

parti,

I have divided

partiste,

thou hast divided

partio,

he has divided

partimos,

we have divided

partistes,

you have divided

partirão,

they have divided.

Past indefinite.

tenho partido,

I have divided

tens partido,

thou hast divided

tem partido,

he has divided

temos partido,

we have divided

tendes partido,

you have divided

tem partido,

they have divided.

Past anterior.

partira,

I had divided

partiras,

thou hadst divided

partira,

he had divided

partiramos,

we had divided

partireis,

you had divided

partirão,

they had divided.

Pluperfect.

tinha partido,

I had divided

tinhas partido,

thou hadst divided

tinha partido,

he had divided

tinhamos partido,

we had divided

tinheis partido,

you had divided

tinhão partido,

they had divided.

Future.

partirei,

I shall divide

partirás,

thou shalt divide

partirá,

he shall divide

partiremos,

we shall divide

partireis,

you shall divide

partirão,

they shall divide.

Future anterior.

hei de partir,

I shall divide

has de partir,

thou shalt divide

ha de partir,

he shall divide

havemos de partir,

we shall divide

haveis de partir,

you shall divide

hão de partir,

they shall divide.

Future past.

terei partido,

I shall have divided

terás partido,

thou shalt have divided

terá partido,

he shall have divided

teremos partido,

we shall have divided

tereis partido,

you shall have divided

terão partido,

they shall have divided.

Conditional.

partiria,

I should divide

partirias,

thou shouldst divide

partiria,

he should divide

partiriamos,

we should divide

partirieis,

you should divide

partirião,

they should divide.

Conditional past.

teria partido,

I should have divided

terias partido,

thou shouldst have divided

teria partido,

he should have divided

teriamos partido,

we should have divided

terieis partido,

you should have divided

terião partido,

they should have divided.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

parta,

that I may divide

partas,

that thou mayest divide

parta,

that he may divide

partamos,

that we may divide

partais,

that you may divide

partão,

that they may divide.

Imperfect.

que

partira,

that I might divide

partiras,

that thou mightst divide

partira,

that he might divide

partiramos,

that we might divide

partireis,

that you might divide

partirão,

that they might divide.

Past definite.

que

partisse,

that I may have divided

partisses,

that thou mayest have divided

partisse,

that he may have divided

partissemos,

that we may have divided

partisseis,

that you may have divided

partissem,

that they may have divided.

Past lndefinite.

que

tenha partido,

that I may have divided

tenhas partido,

that thou mayest have divided

tenha partido,

that he may have divided

tenhamos partido,

that we may have divided

tenhais partido,

that you may have divided

tenhão partido,

that they may have divided.

Pluperfect.

que

tivesse partido,

that I might have divided

tivesses partido,

that thou mightst have divided

tivesse partido,

that he might have divided

tivessemos partido,

that we might have divided

tivesseis partido,

that you might have divided

tivessem partido,

that they might have divided.

Future.

quando

partir,

when I shall divide

partires,

when thou shalt divide

partir,

when he shall divide

partirmos,

when we shall divide

partirdes,

when you shall divide

partirem,

when they shall divide.

Compound Future.

que

haja de partir,

that I shall divide

hajas de partir,

that thou shalt divide

haja de partir,

that he shall divide

hajamos de partir,

that we shall divide

hajais de partir,

that you shall divide

hajão de partir,

that they shall divide.

Future past.

quando

tiver partido,

when I shall have divided

tiveres partido,

when thou shalt have divided

tiver partido,

when he shall have divided

tivermos partido,

when we shall have divided

tiverdes partido,

when you shall have divided

tiverem partido,

when they shall have divided.

Imperative Mood.

parte tu,

divide thou

parta elle,

let him divide

partamos nós,

let us divide

parti vós,

divide ye

partão elles,

let them divide.

10.

The Passive Verbs.

The Passive Verb is conjugated in all its tenses by the Auxiliary Verb “ser” to be, to become, to which is added the Participle of the Passive Verb, as:

sou amado

I am loved

tu es amado

thou art loved

serei amado

I shall be loved

eu seria amado

I should be loved.

11.

The Neuter Verbs.

are conjugated with the Auxiliary Verb “ter” to have, as:

tenho dormido

—

I have slept

tenho cahido

—

I have fallen

eu tenho chegado

—

I have arrived.

They are otherwise conjugated like the Active Verbs: amar, receber, partir.

12.

The Reflective Verbs.

are conjugated with “ter” and the Pronouns

me,

me

te,

thee

se,

it

nos,

we

vos,

you.

Lembrar-se, to remember.

Infinitive Mood.

Present.

lembrar-se,

to remember.

Past.

ter-se lembrado,

to have remembered.

Gerund.

lembrando-se,

remembering.

Participle.

lembrado, lembrada,

remembered.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu me lembro,

I remember

tu te lembras,

thou rememberst

elle se rembra,

he remembers

nós nos lembramos,

we remember

vós vos lembrais,

you remember

elles se lembrão,

they remember.

Imperfect.

eu me lembrava,

I remembered

tu te lembravas,

thou rememberedst

elle se lembrava,

he remembered

nós nos lembravamos,

we remembered

vós vos lembraveis,

you remembered

elles se lembravão,

they remembered.

Past definite.

eu me lembrei,

I have remembered

tu te lembraste,

thou hast remembered

elle se lembrou,

he has remembered

nós nos lembramos,

we have remembered

vós vos lembrastes,

you have remembered

elles se lembrárão,

they have remembered.

Past indefinite.

eu me tenho lembrado,

I have remembered

tu te tens lembrado,

thou hast remembered

elle se tem lembrado,

he has remembered

nós nos temos lembrado,

we have remembered

vós vos tendes lembrado,

you have remembered

elles se tem lembrado,

they have remembered.

Past anterior.

eu me lembrára,

I had remembered

tu te lembráras,

thou hadst remembered

elle se lembrára,

he had remembered

nós nos lembráramos,

we had remembered

vós vos lembráreis,

you had remembered

elles se lembrárão,

they had remembered.

Pluperfect.

eu me tinha lembrado,

I had remembered

tu te tinhas lembrado,

thou hadst remembered

elle se tinha lembrado,

he had remembered

nós nos tinhamos lembrado,

we had remembered

vós vos tinheis lembrado,

you had remembered

elles se tinhão lembrado,

they had remembered.

Future.

eu me lembrarei,

I shall remember

tu te lembrarás,

thou shalt remember

elle se lembrará,

he shall remember

nós nos lembraremos,

we shall remember

vós vos lembrareis,

you shall remember

elles se lembrarão,

they shall remember.

Future anterior.

eu me hei de lembrar,

I shall remember

tu te has de lembrar,

thou shalt remember

elle se ha de lembrar,

he shall remember

nós nos havemos de lembrar,

we shall remember

vós vos haveis de lembrar,

you shall remember

elles se hão de lembrar,

they shall remember.

Future past.

eu me terei lembrado,

I shall have remembered

tu te terás lembrado,

thou shalt have remembered

elle se terá lembrado,

he shall have remembered

nós nos teremos lembrado,

we shall have remembered

vós vos tereis lembrado,

you shall have remembered

elles se terão lembrado,

they shall have remembered.

Conditional.

eu me lembraria,

I should remember

tu te lembrarias,

thou shouldst remember

elle se lembraria,

he should remember

nós nos lembrariamos,

we should remember

vós vos lembrarieis,

you should remember

elles se lembrarião,

they should remember.

Conditional past.

eu me teria lembrado,

I should have remembered

tu te terias lembrado,

thou shouldst have remembered

elle se teria lembrado,

he should have remembered

nós nos teriamos lembrado,

we should have remembered

vós vos terieis lembrado,

you should have remembered

elles se terião lembrado,

they should have remembered.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu me lembre,

that I may remember

tu te lembres,

that thou mayest remember

elle se lembre,

that he may remember

nós nos lembremos,

that we may remember

vós vos lembreis,

that you may remember

elles se lembrem,

that they may remember.

Imperfect.

que

eu me lembrasse,

that I might remember

tu te lembrasses,

that thou mightst remember

elle se lembrasse,

that he might remember

nós nos lembrassemos,

that we might remember

vós vos lembrasseis,

that you might remember

elles se lembrassem,

that they might remember.

Past indefinite.

que

eu me tenha lembrado

that I may have remembered.

tu te tenhas lembrado

elle se tenha lembrado

nós nos tenhamos lembrado

vós vos tenhais lembrado

elles se tenhão lembrado

Pluperfect.

que

eu me tivesse lembrado

that I might have remembered.

tu te tivesses lembrado

elle se tivesse lembrado

nós nos tivessemos lembrado

vós vos tivesseis lembrado

elles se tivessem lembrado

Future.

quando

eu me lembrar

when I shall remember.

tu te lembrares

elle se lembrar

nós nos lembrarmos

vós vos lembrardes

elles se lembrarem

Compound Future.

que

eu me haja de lembrar

that I shall remember.

tu te hajas de lembrar

elle se haja de lembrar

nós nos hajamos de lembrar

vós vos hajeis de lembrar

elles se hajão de lembrar

Future past.

quando

eu me tiver lembrado

when I shall have remembered.

tu te tiveres lembrado

elle se tiver lembrado

nós nos tivermos lembrado

vós vos tiverdes lembrado

elles se tiverem lembrado

Imperative Mood.

lembra-te tu,

remember thou

lembre-se elle,

let him remember

lembremos-nos nós,

let us remember

lembrai-vos vós,

remember ye

lembrem-se elles,

let them remember.

Observ. In all the simple tenses of the Indicative Mood, is it unimportant whether the Pronouns me, te, se, nos, vos stand before or after the Verb, and one may therefore say either: eu me lembro, or eu lembro-me, eu me lembrava and eu lembrava-me, but in the compound tenses as well as in the Subjunctive and Imperative Mood they must stand before the Verb, as: eu me tenho lembrado, que eu me lembre, que eu me lembrasse.

13.

Irregular Verbs.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

1. Dar, to give.[544]

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu dou,

I give

tu dás,

thou givest

elle dá,

he gives

nós damos,

we give

vós dais,

you give

elles dão,

they give.

Past definite.

eu dei,

I have given

tu déste,

thou hast given

elle deo,

he has given

nós demos,

we have given

vós déstes,

you have given

elles dérão,

they have given.

Past anterior.

eu dera,

I had given

tu deras,

thou hadst given

elle dera,

he had given

nós deramos,

we had given

vós dereis,

you had given

elles derão,

they had given.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu dê,

that I may give

tu dês,

that thou mayest give

elle dê,

that he may give

nós dêmos,

that we may give

vós deis,

that you may give

elles dem,

that they may give.

Imperfect.

que

eu dera,

that I might give

tu deras,

that thou mightst give

elle dera,

that he might give

nós deramos,

that we might give

vós dereis,

that you might give

elles derão,

that they might give.

Past.

que

eu désse,

that I may have given

tu désses,

that thou mayest have given

elle désse,

that he may have given

nós dessemos,

that we may have given

vós desseis,

that you may have given

elles dessem,

that they may have given.

Future.

quando

eu der,

when I shall give

tu deres,

when thou shalt give

elle der,

when he shall give

nós dermos,

when we shall give

vós derdes,

when you shall give

elles derem,

when they shall give.

2. The Verbs ending in “car”

have no other irregularity than that they change the c every time into qu, if an e follows in the conjugation, as:

ficar,

to remain,

fiquei (not ficei),

I have remained,

que eu figue (not fice),

that I may remain;

this irregularity is only maintained for the purpose of keeping the same pronunciation for the Verb throughout, which would otherwise not be the case.

3. The Verbs ending in “gar”

change the g, if followed by an e, into gu, for the sake of Pronunciation.

4. The Verbs ending in “iar”

take an e before i in all persons of the Indicative Mood, as:

premiar, to reward,

premeio, premeias, premeia, premeiamos etc.

14.

SECOND CONJUGATION.

5. Dizer, to say.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu digo,

I say

tu dizes,

thou sayest

elle diz,

he says

nós dizemos,

we say

vós dizeis,

you say

elles dizem,

they say.

Past definite.

eu disse,

I have said

tu disseste,

thou hast said

elle disse,

he has said

nós dissemos,

we have said

vós dissestes,

you have said

elles disserão,

they have said.

Past anterior.

eu dissera,

I had said

tu disseras,

thou hadst said

elle dissera,

he had said

nós disseramos,

we had said

vós disserais,

you had said

elles disserão,

they had said.

Future.

eu direi,

I shall say

tu dirás,

thou shalt say

elle dirá,

he shall say

nós diremos,

we shall say

vós direis,

you shall say

elles dirão,

they shall say.

Conditional.

eu diria,

I would say

tu dirias,

thou wouldst say

elle diria,

he would say

nós diriamos,

we would say

vós dirieis,

you would say

elles dirião,

they would say.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu diga,

that I may say

tu digas,

that thou mayest say

elle diga,

that he may say

nós digamos,

that we may say

vós digais,

that you may say

elles digão,

that they may say.

Imperfect.

que

eu dissera,

that I might say

tu disseras,

that thou mightst say

elle dissera,

that he might say

nós disseramos,

that we might say

vós disserais,

that you might say

elles disserão,

that they might say.

Past.

que

eu dissesse,

that I may have said

tu dissesses,

that thou mayest have said

elle dissesse,

that he may have said

nós dissessemos,

that we may have said

vós dissesseis,

that you may have said

elles dissessem,

that they may have said.

Future.

quando

eu disser,

when I shall say

tu disseres,

when thou shalt say

elle disser,

when he shall say

nós dissermos,

when we shall say

vós disserdes,

when you shall say

elles disserem,

when they shall say.

Imperative Mood.

dize-tu,

say thou

diga-elle,

let him say

digamos-nós,

let us say

dizei-vós,

say ye

digão-elles,

let them say.

Participle: dito, dita, said.

All Verbs composed of dizer are conjugated in the same manner, as: contradizer, desdizer, etc.

6.Fazer, to do, to make.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu faço,

I do

tu fazes,

thou doest

elle faz,

he does

nós fazemos,

we do

vós fazeis,

you do

elles fazem,

they do.

Past definite.

eu fiz,

I have done

tu fizeste,

thou hast done

elle fez,

he has done

nós fizemos,

we have done

vós fizestes,

you have done

elles fizerão,

they have done.

Pluperfect.

eu fizera,

I had done

tu fizeras,

thou hadst done

elle fizera,

he had done

nós fizeramos,

we had done

vós fizereis,

you had done

elles fizerão,

they had done.

Future.

eu farei,

I shall do

tu farás,

thou shalt do

elle fará,

he shall do

nós faremos,

we shall do

vós fareis,

you shall do

elles farão,

they shall do.

Conditional.

eu faria,

I would do

tu farias,

thou wouldst do

elle faria,

he would do

nós fariamos,

we would do

vós farieis,

you would do

elles farião,

they would do.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu faça,

that I may do

tu faças,

that thou mayest do

elle faça,

that he may do

nós façamos,

that we may do

vós façais,

that you may do

elles fação,

that they may do.

Imperfect.

que

eu fizera,

that I might do

tu fizeras,

that thou mightst do

elle fizera,

that he might do

nós fizeramos,

that we might do

vós fizerais,

that you might do

elles fizerão,

that they might do.

Perfect.

que

eu fizesse,

that I may have done

tu fizesses,

that thou mayest have done

elle fizesse,

that he may have done

nós fizéssemos,

that we may have done

vós fizesseis,

that you may have done

elles fizessem,

that they may have done.

Future.

quando

eu fizer,

when I shall do

tu fizeres,

when thou shalt do

elle fizer,

when he shall do

nós fizermos,

when we shall do

vós fizerdes,

when you shall do

elles fizerem,

when they shall do.

Imperative Mood.

faze-tu,

do thou

faça elle,

let him do

façamos-nós,

let us do

fazei-vós,

do ye

fação elles,

let them do.

Participle: feito, feita, done.

7. Poder,  to be able to,  can.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu posso,

I can

tu podes,

thou canst

elle póde,

he can

nós podemos,

we can

vós podeis,

you can

elles podem,

they can.

Perfect.

eu pude,

I have been able

tu pudeste,

thou hast been able

elle pode,

he has been able

nós pudemos,

we have been able

vós pudestes,

you have been able

elles puderão,

they have been able.

Pluperfect.

eu pudera,

I had been able

tu puderas,

thou hadst been able

elle pudera,

he had been able

nós puderamos,

we have been able

vós pudereis,

you had been able

elle puderão,

they had been able.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu possa,

that I may be able

tu possas,

that thou mayest be able

elle possa,

that he may be able

nós possamos,

that we may be able

vós possais,

that you may be able

elles possão,

that they may be able.

Imperfect.

que

eu pudera,

that I might be able

tu puderas,

that thou mightst be able

elle pudera,

that he might be able

nós puderamos,

that we might be able

vós pudereis,

that you might be able

elles puderão,

that they might be able.

Perfect.

que

eu pudesse,

that I may have been able

tu pudesses,

that thou mayest have been able

elle pudesse,

that he may have been able

nós pudessemos,

that we may have been able

vós pudesseis,

that you may have been able

elles pudessem,

that they may have been able.

Future.

quando

eu puder,

if I could be able

tu puderes,

if thou couldst be able

elle puder,

if he could be able

nós pudermos,

if we could be able

vós puderdes,

if you could be able

elles puderem,

if they could be able.

8. Querer,  to wish,  to will.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu quero,

I wish

tu queres,

thou wishest

elle quer,

he wishes

nós queremos,

we wish

vós quereis,

you wish

elles querem,

they wish.

Perfect.

eu quiz,

I have wished

tu quizeste,

thou hast wished

elle quiz,

he has wished

nós quizemos,

we have wished

vós quizestes,

you have wished

elles quizerão,

they have wished.

Pluperfect.

eu quizera,

I had wished

tu quizeras,

thou hadst wished

elle quizera,

he had wished

nós quizeramos,

we had wished

vós quizereis,

you had wished

elles quizerão,

they had wished.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu queira,

that I may wish

tu queiras,

that thou mayest wish

elle queira,

that he may wish

nós queiramos,

that we may wish

vós queirais,

that you may wish

elles queirão,

that they may wish.

Imperfect.

que

eu quizera,

that I might wish

tu quizeras,

that thou mightst wish

elle quizera,

that he might wish

nós quizeramos,

that we might wish

vós quizereis,

that you might wish

elles quizerão,

that they might wish.

Perfect.

que

eu quizesse,

that I may have wished

tu quizesses,

that thou mayest have wished

elle quizesse,

that he may have wished

nós quizessemos,

that we may have wished

vós quizesseis,

that you may have wished

elles quizessem,

that they may have wished.

Future.

quando

eu quizer,

when I shall wish

tu quizeres,

when thou shalt wish

elle quizer,

when he shall wish

nós quizermos,

when we shall wish

vós quizerdes,

when you shall wish

elles quizerem,

when they shall wish.

Imperative Mood.

queiras tu,

wish thou

queira elle,

let him wish

queiramos nós,

let us wish

queirais vós,

wish ye

queirão elles,

let them wish.

9. Saber,  to know.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu sei,

I know

tu sabes,

thou knowest

elle sabe,

he knows

nós sabemos,

we know

vós sabeis,

you know

elles sabem,

they know.

Perfect.

eu soube,

I have known

tu soubeste,

thou hast known

elle soube,

he has known

nós soubemos,

we have known

vós soubestes,

you have known

elles souberão,

they have known.

Pluperfect.

eu soubera,

I had known

tu souberas,

thou hadst known

elle soubera,

he had known

nós souberamos,

we had known

vós soubereis,

you had known

elles souberão,

they had known.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu saiba,

that I may know

tu saibas,

that thou mayest know

elle saiba,

that he may know

nós saibamos,

that we may know

vós saibais,

that you may know

elles saibão,

that they may know.

Imperfect.

que

eu soubera,

that I might know

tu souberas,

that thou mightst know

elle soubera,

that he might know

nós souberamos,

that we might know

vós soubereis,

that you might know

elles souberão,

that they might know.

Future.

quando

eu souber,

when I shall know

tu souberes,

when thou shalt know

elle souber,

when he shall know

nós soubermos,

when we shall know

vós souberdes,

when you shall know

elles souberem,

when they shall know.

Imperative Mood.

sabe tu,

know thou

saiba elle,

let him know

saibamos nós,

let us know

saibei vós,

know ye

saibão elles,

let them know.

10. Trazer,  to carry,  to fetch.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu trago,

I carry

tu trazes,

thou carriest

elle traz,

he carries

nós trazemos,

we carry

vós trazeis,

you carry

elles trazem,

they carry.

Perfect.

eu trouxe,

I have carried

tu trouxeste,

thou hast carried

elle trouxe,

he has carried

nós trouxemos,

we have carried

vós trouxestes,

you have carried

elles trouxerão,

they have carried.

Pluperfect.

eu trouxera,

I had carried

tu trouxeras,

thou hadst carried

elle trouxera,

he had carried

nós trouxeramos,

we had carried

vós trouxereis,

you had carried

elles trouxerão,

they had carried.

Future.

eu trarei,

I shall carry

tu trarás,

thou shalt carry

elle trará,

he shall carry

nós traremos,

we shall carry

vós trareis,

you shall carry

elles trarão,

they shall carry.

Conditional.

eu traria,

I should carry

tu trarias,

thou shouldst carry

elle traria,

he should carry

nós trariamos,

we should carry

vós trarieis,

you should carry

elles trarião,

they should carry.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu traga,

that I may carry

tu tragas,

that thou mayest carry

elle traga,

that he may carry

nós tragamos,

that we may carry

vós tragais,

that you may carry

elles tragão,

that they may carry.

Imperfect.

que

eu trouxera,

that I might carry

tu trouxeras,

that thou mightst carry

elle trouxera,

that he might carry

nós trouxeramos,

that we might carry

vós trouxereis,

that you might carry

elles trouxerão,

that they might carry.

Perfect.

que

eu trouxesse,

that I may have carried

tu trouxesses,

that thou mayest have carried

elle trouxesse,

that he may have carried

nós trouxessemos,

that we may have carried

vós trouxesseis,

that you may have carried

elles trouxessem,

that they may have carried.

Future.

quando

eu trouxer,

when I shall carry

tu trouxeres,

when thou shalt carry

elle trouxer,

when he shall carry

nós trouxermos,

when we shall carry

vós trouxerdes,

when you shall carry

elles trouxerem,

when they shall carry.

Imperative Mood.

traze tu,

carry thou

traga elle,

let him carry

tragamos,

let us carry

trazei vós,

carry ye

tragão elles,

let them carry.

11. Ver,  to see.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu vejo,

I see

tu vês,

thou seest

elle vê,

he sees

nós vemos,

we see

vós vedes,

you see

elles vêm,

they see.

Imperfect.

eu vi,

I have seen

tu viste,

thou hast seen

elle vio,

he has seen

nós vimos,

we have seen

vós vistes,

you have seen

elles virão,

they have seen.

Pluperfect.

eu vira,

I had seen

tu viras,

thou hadst seen

elle vira,

he had seen

nós viramos,

we had seen

vós vireis,

you had seen

elles virão,

they had seen.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu veja,

that I may see

tu vejas,

that thou mayest see

elle veja,

that he may see

nós vejamos,

that we may see

vós vejais,

that you may see

elles vejão,

that they may see.

Imperfect.

que

eu vira,

that I might see

tu viras,

that thou mightst see

elle vira,

that he might see

nós viramos,

that we might see

vós virais,

that you might see

elles virem,

that they might see.

Perfect.

que

eu visse,

that I may have seen

tu visses,

that thou mayest have seen

elle visse,

that he may have seen

nós vissemos,

that we may have seen

vós visseis,

that you may have seen

elles vissem,

that they may have seen.

Future.

quando

eu vir,

when I shall see

tu vires,

when thou shalt see

elle vir,

when he shall see

nós virmos,

when we shall see

vós virdes,

when you shall see

elles virem,

when they shall see.

Imperative Mood.

vê tu,

see thou

veja elle,

let him see

vejamos nós,

let us see

vede vós,

see ye

vejão elles,

let them see.

Participle: visto, vista, seen.

The Verbs composed of ver, are conjugated in the same manner, as:

prever, rever, antever.

12. Perder,  to lose.

The irregularity of this Verb consists in the following tenses changing the d into c.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

perco,

I lose

perdes,

thou losest

perde,

he loses

perdemos,

we lose

perdeis,

you lose

perdem,

they lose.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu perca,

that I may lose

tu percas,

that thou mayest lose

elle perca,

that he may lose

nós percamos,

that we may lose

vós percais,

that you may lose

elles percão,

that they may lose.

Imperative Mood.

perde tu,

lose thou

perca elle,

let him lose

percamos nós,

let us lose

perdei vós,

lose ye

percão elles,

let them lose.

13. Valer,  to be worth,

changes l into lh, in the following tenses.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu valho,

I am worth

tu vales

regular

elle vale

nós valemos

vós valeis

elles valem

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu valha,

that I may be worth

tu valhas,

that thou mayest be worth

elle valha,

that he may be worth

nós valhamos,

that we may be worth

vós valhais,

that you may be worth

elles valhão,

that they may be worth.

Imperative Mood.

vale tu,

be thou worth

valha elle,

let him be worth

valhamos,

let us be worth

valei vós,

be ye worth

valhão elles,

let them be worth.

14. Ler,  to read.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu leio,

I read

tu lês,

thou readest

elle lê,

he reads

nós lemos,

we read

vós ledes,

you read

elles lêm,

they read.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu lêia,

that I may read

tu lêias,

that thou mayest read

elle lêia,

that he may read

nós lêiamos,

that we may read

vós lêiais,

that you may read

elles lêião,

that they may read.

Imperative Mood.

lê tu,

read thou

lêia elle,

let him read

lêiamos,

let us read

lede vós,

read ye

lêião elles,

let them read.

The Verb “crer” to believe, is conjugated in the same manner.

15. The Verbs ending in “ger”

change g into j in all persons when it is followed by o or a, for the sake of pronunciation. As:

eleger,

to elect;

elejo, que eu eleja,

etc.

15.

THIRD CONJUGATION.

16. Ir,  to go.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu vou,

I go

tu vas,

thou goest

elle vai,

he goes

nós vamos,

we go

vós ides,

you go

elles vão,

they go.

Imperfect.

eu hia,

I went

tu hias,

thou wentest

elle hia,

he went

nós hiamos,

we went

vós hieis,

you went

elles hião,

they went.

Perfect.

eu fui,

I have gone

(like the Perfect of “ser” to be).

Pluperfect.

eu fora,

I had gone

(like the Pluperfect of “ser”).

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu vá,

that I may go

tu vás,

that thou mayest go

elle vá,

that he may go

nós vámos,

that we may go

vos vades,

that you may go

elles vão,

that they may go.

Imperfect.

que

eu fora,

that I might go

tu foras,

that thou mightst go

elle fora,

that he might go

nós foramos,

that we might go

vós foreis,

that you might go

elles forão,

that they might go.

Perfect.

que

eu fosse,

that I may have gone

(like “ser”).

Future.

quando

eu for,

when I shall go

(like “ser”).

Imperative Mood.

vai tu,

go thou

vá elle,

let him go

vamos,

let us go

ide vós,

go ye

vão elles,

let them go.

17. Vir,  to come.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu venho,

I come

tu vens,

thou comest

elle vem,

he comes

nós vimos,

we come

vós vindes,

you come

elles vem,

they come.

Imperfect.

eu vinha,

I came

tu vinhas,

thou camest

elle vinha,

he came

nós vinhamos,

we came

vós vinheis,

you came

elles vinhão,

they came.

Perfect.

eu vim,

I have come

tu vieste,

thou hast come

elle veio,

he has come

nós viemos,

we have come

vós viestes,

you have come

elles vierão,

they have come.

Pluperfect.

eu viera,

I had come

tu vieras,

thou hadst come

elle viera,

he had come

nós vieramos,

we had come

vós viereis,

you had come

elles vierão,

they had come.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu venha,

that I may come

tu venhas,

that thou mayest come

elle venha,

that he may come

nós venhamos,

that we may come

vós venhais,

that you may come

elles venhão,

that they may come.

Imperfect.

que

eu viera,

that I might come

tu vieras,

that thou mightst come

elle viera,

that he might come

nós vieramos,

that we might come

vós viereis,

that you might come

elles vierão,

that they might come.

Perfect.

que

eu viesse,

that I may have come

tu viesses,

that thou mayest have come

elle viesse,

that he may have come

nós viessemos,

that we may have come

vós viesseis,

that you may have come

elles viessem,

that they may have come.

Future.

quando

eu vier,

when I shall come

tu vieres,

when thou shalt come

elle vier,

when he shall come

nós viermos,

when we shall come

vós vierdes,

when you shall come

elles vierem,

when they shall come.

Imperative Mood.

vem tu,

come thou

venha elle,

let him come

venhamos,

let us come

vinde vós,

come ye

venhão elles,

let them come.

Participle: vindo, vinda, come.

18. Pedir, to request,

changes d in ç in the following persons.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu peço,

I request

(the other persons are regular: pedes, pede, etc.).

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu peça,

that I may request

tu peças,

that thou mayest request

elle peça,

that he may request

nós peçamos,

that we may request

vós peçais,

that you may request

elles peção,

that they may request.

Imperative Mood.

pede tu,

request thou

peça elle,

let him request

peçamos nós,

let us request

pedi vós,

request ye

peção elles,

let them request.

“Medir” to measure, is conjugated in the same manner.

19. Rir, to laugh.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu rio,

I laugh

tu ris,

thou laughest

elle ri,

he laughs

nós rimos,

we laugh

vós rides,

you laugh

elles rim,

they laugh.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu ria,

that I may laugh

tu rias,

that thou mayest laugh

elle ria,

that he may laugh

nós riamos,

that we may laugh

vós riais,

that you may laugh

elles rião,

that they may laugh.

Imperative Mood.

ri tu,

laugh thou

ria elle,

let him laugh

riamos,

let us laugh

ride vós,

laugh ye

rião elles,

let them laugh.

20. The Verbs ending in “gir”

change the g into j in all persons where g is followed by o or a.

21. The Verbs ending in “uzir”

drop the final e in the third person Singular of the Present, as:

conduz (not conduze), induz (not induze).

22. The Verbs ending in “hir”

change hi into i in the following persons.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu saio,

I go out

(the others are regular: sahes, sahe, sahimos, etc.).

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu saia,

that I may go out

tu saias,

that thou mayest go out

elle saia,

that he may go out

nós saiamos,

that we may go out

vós saiais,

that you may go out

elles saião,

that they may go out.

Imperative Mood.

sahe tu,

go thou out

saia elle,

let him go out

saiamos nós,

let us go out

sahi vós,

go ye out

saião elles,

let them go out.

23. Subir,  to mount,

changes u into o, in the second person Singular, third person Singular and Plural of the Present, and in the second person of the Imperative, as:

sobes, sobe, sobem, sobe tu.

24. Mentir,  to lie,

changes e into i in the following persons.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu minto,

I lie

(tu mentes, elle mente).

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu minta,

that I may lie

tu mintas,

that thou mayest lie

elle minta,

that he may lie

nós mintamos,

that we may lie

vós mintais,

that you may lie

elles mintão,

that they may lie.

Imperative Mood.

mente tu,

lie thou

minta elle,

let him lie

mintamos nós,

let us lie

menti vós,

lie ye

mintão elles,

let them lie.

The same irregularities occur in

sentir,

to feel

servir,

to serve

ferir,

to wound.

25. Dormir,  to sleep.

This Verb changes o into u in all persons, in which mentir changes the e into i, as:

- durmo,

- durma,

- durmamos.

26. Ouvir,  to hear.

This Verb changes uvi into uç in all persons in which mentir changes e into i, as:

eu ouço, I hear

que eu ouça, that I may hear.

Imperative Mood.

ouve tu,

hear thou

ouça elle,

let him hear

ouçamos nós,

let us hear

ouvi vós,

hear ye

oução elles,

let them hear.

Some writers change u into i, as:

oiço,

oiça.

27. Pôr,  to place, to put.

Indicative Mood.

Present.

eu ponho,

I place

tu pões,

thou placest

elle poem,

he places

nós pômos,

we place

vós pondes,

you place

elles poem,

they place.

Imperfect.

eu punha,

I placed

tu punhas,

thou placedst

elle punha,

he placed

nós punhamos,

we placed

vós punheis,

you placed

elles punhão,

they placed.

Perfect.

eu puz,

I have placed

tu puzeste,

thou hast placed

elle póz,

he has placed

nós puzemos,

we have placed

vós puzestes,

you have placed

elles puzerão,

they have placed.

Pluperfect.

eu puzera,

I had placed

tu puzeras,

thou hadst placed

elle puzera,

he had placed

nós puzeramos,

we had placed

vós puzereis,

you had placed

elles puzerão,

they had placed.

Future.

eu porei,

I shall place

tu porás,

thou shalt place

elle porá,

he shall place

nós poremos,

we shall place

vós poreis,

you shall place

elles porão,

they shall place.

Conditional.

eu poria,

I should place

tu porias,

thou shouldst place

elle poria,

he should place

nós poriamos,

we should place

vós porieis,

you should place

elles porião,

they should place.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present.

que

eu ponha,

that I may place

tu ponhas,

that thou mayest place

elle ponha,

that he may place

nós ponhamos,

that we may place

vós ponhais,

that you may place

elles ponhão,

that they may place.

Imperfect.

que

eu puzera,

that I might place

tu puzeras,

that thou mightst place

elle puzera,

that he might place

nós puzeramos,

that we might place

vós puzereis,

that you might place

elles puzerão,

that they might place.

Perfect.

que

eu puzesse,

that I may have placed

tu puzesses,

that thou mayest have placed

elle puzesse,

that he may have placed

nós puzessemos,

that we may have placed

vós puzesseis,

that you may have placed

elles puzessem,

that they may have placed.

Future.

quando

eu puzer,

when I shall place

tu puzeres,

when thou shall place

elle puzer,

when he shall place

nós puzermos,

when we shall place

vós puzerdes,

when you shall place

elles puzerem,

when they shall place.

Imperative Mood.

põe tu,

place thou

ponha elle,

let him place

ponhamos nós,

let us place

ponde vós,

place ye

ponhão elles,

let them place.

Gerund: pondo, placing.

Participle: posto, posta, placed.

The Verbs composed by pôr are conjugated in the same manner, as:

antepôr, compôr, depôr, dispôr, propôr.

16.

The following Verbs have two Participles, a regular and an irregular one.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

aceitar,

to accept,

aceitado,

aceito

enxugar,

to dry,

enxugado,

enxuto

exceptuar,

to except,

exceptuado,

excepto

expressar,

to express,

expressado,

expresso

expulsar,

to expel,

expulsado,

expulso

gastar,

to spend,

gastado,

gasto

imprensar,

to print,

imprensado,

impresso

izentar,

to except,

izentado,

izento

manifestar,

to manifest,

manifestado,

manifesto

pagar,

to pay,

pagado,

pago

salvar,

to save,

salvado,

salvo

professar,

to act, profess,

professado,

professo

soltar,

to set at liberty,

soltado,

solto

sujeitar,

to subject,

sujeitado,

sujeito.

SECOND CONJUGATION.

absolver,

to acquit,

absolvido, -

absoluto

absolto

absorver,

to swallow,

absorvido,

absorto

accender,

to light,

accendido,

acceso

corromper,

to corrupt,

corrompido,

corrupto

eleger,

to elect,

elegido,

eleito

encher,

to fill,

enchido,

cheio

envolver,

to envelope,

envolvido,

envolto

escrever,

to write,

escrevido,

escrito

incorrer,

to incur (a penalty),

incorrido,

incurso

interromper,

to interrupt,

interrompido,

interrupto

morrer,

to die,

morrido,

morto

prender,

to take (into charge),

prendido,

preso

romper,

to break (open),

rompido,

roto

suspender,

to postpone,

suspendido,

suspenso

torcer,

to turn,

torcido,

torto.

THIRD CONJUGATION.

abrir,

to open,

abrido,

aberto

affligir,

to afflict,

affligido,

afflicto

concluir,

to close, shut,

concluido,

concluso

contrahir,

to contract,

contrahido,

contracto

cubrir,

to cover,

cubrido,

cuberto

distinguir,

to distinguish,

distinguido,

distincto

distrahir,

to abstract,

distrahido,

distracto

erigir,

to erect,

erigido,

erecto

exhaurir,

to exhaust,

exhaurido,

exhausto

expellir,

to expel,

expellido,

expulso

exprimir,

to express,

exprimido,

expresso

exstinguir,

to extinguish,

extinguido,

extincto

extrahir,

to extract,

extrahido,

extracto

frigir,

to fry,

frigido,

frito

imprimir,

to impress,

imprimido,

impresso

incluir,

to shut up,

incluido,

incluso

inserir,

to insert,

inserido,

inserto

opprimir,

to oppress,

opprimido,

oppresso

possuir,

to possess,

possuido,

possesso

reprimir,

to suppress,

reprimido,

represso

submergir,

to submerge,

submergido,

submerso

supprimir,

to oppress,

supprimido,

suppresso

surgir,

to anchor,

surgido,

surto.

The first or regular form of these Participles is generally used for the compound tenses, whilst the second or irregular form is Generally used with ser or estar.

17.

Impersonal Verbs

are only used in the third person Singular, they are:

Chover,

to rain

-

chove,

it rains

relampager

to lighten

-

relampaga

it lightens

fuzilar

-

fuzila

trovejar,

to thunder

-

troveja,

it thunders

choviscar,

to drizzle (rain)

-

chovisca,

it drizzles

nevar,

to snow

-

neva,

it snows

gelar,

to freeze

-

gela,

it freezes.

They follow those Conjugations to which they belong.

18.

Adverbs.

1.

Adverbs of Time.

Hoje,

to-day

agora,

now

hontem,

yesterday

presentemente,

at present

antehontem,

the day before yesterday

antigamente,

in times past

ultimamente,

lastly

recentemente,

lately

amanhãa,

to-morrow

logo,

directly

depois de amanhãa,

the day after to-morrow

daqui por diante,

from hence, in future

sempre,

always

desde,

since

ainda,

yet.

2.

Adverbs of Place.

aqui,

here

ali, acolá,

there

arriba,

above

abaixo,

below

além,

on the other side

daquem,

on this side

á mão direita,

to the right

á mão esquerda,

to the left

d’ali,

from here.

3.

Adverbs of Number and Comparison.

primeiramente,

firstly

segundamente,

secondly

em terceiro lugar,

thirdly

depois,

afterwards

raramente, de maravilha,

rarely

mais,

more

menos,

less

tão

almost

como se

como,

as

assim,

just so, the same

melhor,

better

peior,

worse

quasi,

almost

em parte,

partly

quando muito,

highest

quando menos,

least.

4.

Adverbs of Manner and Kind.

muito,

very

bem,

good, well

mal,

bad

pouco,

little

assaz,

enough

demasiadamente,

too much

sufficientemente,

sufficient

abundantemente,

abundantly

mesmo,

even

apenas,

scarcely

senão,

only

principalmente,

chiefly

em geral,

generally, altogether.

5.

Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation.

sim,

yes

certamente,

certainly

verdadeiramente,

indeed

não,

no

nada,

nothing

talvez

perhaps

pode ser

quiça

quando?

when?

como?

how?

porque?

why?

quanto?

how much?

onde?

where?

aonde?

whereto?

The Adverbs are not declined, but some are compared like the Adjectives, as:

mais ricamente,

richer

menos ricamente,

less rich

tão ricamente,

just as rich

muito ricamente,

very rich

o mais ricamente,

the richest;

Superl.

bem,

good,

formes

the

Comp.:

melhor

-

optimamente

mal,

bad,

-

-

-

peior

-

pessimamente.

19.

The following Adverbs are principally in use:

agora,

now

de improviso

extempore

hoje,

to-day

improvisamente

amanhãa,

to-morrow

quasi, casi,

almost

amanhãa pela manhãa,

to-morrow-morning

então,

then

depois de amanhãa,

the day after to-morrow

desde então,

since

frequentamente,

frequently, often

desde quando?

since when?

nunca,

never

de quando ha?

how long ago?

ordinariamente,

generally

quando bem

even

jamais,

never

ainda quando

tarde,

late

quando muito,

highest, at latest

cedo,

early

quando menos,

at least

daqui por diante,

in future

cá,

here

ultimamente,

lastly, at latest

alli,

there

recentemente,

lately

ahi,

there, where (you are}

logo,

soon

acolá,

there

depois,

afterwards

traz

behind

abundantemente,

abundantly

detraz

com razão, justamente,

in justice

para traz,

backwards

absolutamente,

absolutely

isto he,

that is to say

já para já,

immediately

em vez, em lugar,

instead

com condição,

under the condition

tambem,

also

actualmente,

actually, at present

tanto que

as soon as

de proposito,

purposely

logo que

admiravelmente

admirable

acaso,

accidentally

maravilhosamente

ainda,

yet

as mil maravilhas,

exquisitely

finalmente,

at last

astutamente,

artfully

muito,

much, very

atraiçoadamente,

traitorously

depressa,

quickly

de maravilha,

very rarely

aqui,

here

a miudo,

often

até,

until

assim

so, equally so

bem,

well, good

tão

mal,

bad

apressa,

quickly, in haste

como,

how, as

facilmente,

easily

como?

how?

ao avesso,

reversedly

primeiro que,

before that

as avessas,

reversedly

primeiro que tudo,

before all

de balde,

in vain

fora,

out, out of

antes

já,

already

juntamente

tpgether

abaixo,

below

enteiramente

entirely

acima,

above

ao redor,

round about

onde,

where

loucamente

foolishly

nada

nothing

atrevidamente

boldly

de cór,

by heart

felizmente,

happily

em vão,

in vain

vergonhosamente,

infamously

escassamente,

scarcely, rarely

nem se quer,

even if

em fin,

at last

mais,

more

longe,

long, far

menos,

less

verdadeiramente,

truly

sim,

yes

dentro,

thereinto

não,

no

as vezes,

sometimes

de vagar,

slowly

quando,

when

quanto,

how much.

20.

Prepositions.

The Prepositions most in use are the following:

a,

to

antes,

before

de,

from

depois,

after

em,

in

durante,

during

dentro,

in, within

desde,

since

sobre,

on, over

com,

with

debaixo

under

excepto,

except

sob

fora

besides

perante,

before

além

altraz

behind

sem,

without

traz

contra,

against

entre,

between

a pezar,

notwithstanding

para,

after

não obstante,

in spite of

perto

by, near, at

para com,

against

junto

acerca,

in respect

desde,

of, from

por,

through

até,

after

mediante,

by means of.

21.

The following are used with the Genitive:

além dos mares,

on the other side of the seas

além d’isso,

besides this one

acerca daquelle negocio,

as to that business

aquem or daquem dos mares,

on this side of the seas

antes do dia,

before daybreak

diante de Deos,

before God

dentro da igreja,

within the church

de traz do palacio,

behind the palace

debaixo da mesa,

under the table

em cima da mesa,

upon the table

ao redor or

round about the town

em contorno da cidade,

perto de Londres,

near London

fora da casa,

out of the house

fora de perigo,

out of danger

depois da cea,

after the supper

defronte de minha casa,

opposite to my house

defronte da igreja,

opposite the church;

Dative:

quanto áquillo,

with regard to that

pegado á muralha,

at, near the wall

desde o bico do pé,

from head to foot;

até á cabeza,

Accusative.

perante o juiz,

before the judge

durante o inverno,

during the winter

traz do templo,

behind the temple

entre os homens,

among men

sobre a mesa,

on the table

conforme á lei,

according to the law

segundo á ordem,

in consequence of the order

por amor de Deos,

for God’s sake

pelo mundo,

through the world

pela rua,

through the street

contra elles,

against them.

A (to),

eu vou a Londres,

I go to London,

voltar a Portugal,

to return to Portugal,

não tem nada que fazer

he has nothing to do.

não tem nada a fazer

De (from),

vir de França,

I come from France,

vir das Indias,

I come from India,

sahir de Londres,

I go from London

(to leave London),

de noite,

by night,

de dia,

by day.

Por (by, from),

por mar e por terra,

by sea and by land.

22.

Conjunctions.

E, and

nem—nem,

neither—nor

tambem

also

tão,

so

outrosim

assim,

thus

tambem—como,

as well—as

porém

but

não sómente—mas tambem,

not only—but also

mas

ora—ora,

soon—soon

com tudo,

notwithstanding

em primeiro lugar,

firstly

ainda que,

although

então,

then

assim,

therefore

além disso

further

porque,

because

de mais

pois,

there

depois,

afterwards

afim,

that

em fim,

at last

se não,

else

em parte—em parte,

partly—partly

com tanto que,

taking for granted that

ou—ou,

either—or

bem que,

certainly, indeed.

23.

que,

that

comó,

as

nomeadamente,

namely

a saber,

viz

se,

whether

excepto, alem,

except

onde,

where

por isso,

why

donde,

whence

porque,

because

quando,

when

por, pois,

there

desde que,

since

afim que

that

durante que,

whilst, during

para que

antes,

before

se,

if

depois que

afterwards

se, posto que,

in case

depois de

se não que,

if not

como,

as

com tanto que,

in case

como tambem,

as soon as

ainda que,

although

tão—como,

so—as

não obstante,

notwithstanding

assim—que,

so that

tanto—tanto,

the—the.

Examples.

Francezes e Inglezes.

Frenchmen and Englishmen.

Nem este, nem aquelle.

Neither these, nor those.

Ou este, ou aquelle.

Either this one, or that one

Nem mais, nem menos.

Neither more, nor less.

Quer o faça, quer não, tudo

It is indifferent to me whether

para mim he o mesmo.

he does it or not.

Quer seja verdade, quer não.

Whether it be true or not.

Antes quero pedir que furtar.

I will rather beg than steal.

Antes morrerei que dizer-volo.

I will rather die than tell it to you.

Interjections

may be divided according to the various passions or emotions expressed by them.

- Of Joy: Ah! ho!

- Of Pain: Ai! apre!

- Of Fear: Ai Jesus! eh, eh! ai de mim!

- Of Abhorrence: Va-se embora! passa fora!

- Of Surprise: Oh! Ah!

- Urging or Exhorting:  Ora vamos! animo, animo!

- arreda! hola! sentido!

- Silencing: Chiton! calla a boca! calai-vos!

- Wishing: O provera a Deos!

Reading Lessons.

1.

Em um ajuntamento[545] de senhoras e homens suscitou-se[546] a questão[547] de qual era o paiz[548] melhor[549] para se habitar[550]; e dizendo uma que Londres, outra que Pariz, este que o Brazil, aquelle que a Austria ou a Italia, disse uma senhora mui presumida[551]: “Pois[552] eu dou[553] a primazia[554] ao celibato, pois tenho ouvido dizer a meu irmão padre[555], que he de todos os estados o mais perfeito.”

2.

Certo[556] juiz de fóra[557] tendo queixas do povo[558] que os arrematantes da vacca[559] só matavão[560] um boi[561] cada dia d’assouge[562], e que este não chegava[563] para todos, e ao mesmo tempo[564] ouvindo dizer aos ditos arrematantes que dous bois erão de sobejo[565]; mandou[566] por seu respeitando despacho que cada dia d’assougue se matasse boi e meio.

3.

Dizia o P. Antonio Vieira, que toda a fortuna d’um homem de corte[567] consistia em saber adular[568], mentir[569], furtar[570], e repartir[571].

4.

Na desgraçada[572] morte[573] do Principe D. Affonso, disse El-Rei Dom João II. seu pai: “No excessivo sentimento em que vivo da morte de meu filho, só me consola parecer-me que Deos se lembrou[574] d’este reino[575]; porque o Principe não era para Rei dos Portuguezes: os Portuguezes hão de mister Rei de bronze. Era o Principe inclinado a delicias[576].”

5.

Levantando[577] El-Rei D. João I. o sitio[578], que tinha posto a Coria, disse: “Grande falta[579] nos fizerão os cavalheiros da taboa redonda[580]; porque se elles aqui estivérão, não nos levantáramos desta cidade sem a render[581].” Respondeo Mem Rodrigues de Vasconcellos: “Não faltarão por certo, senhor, aqui esses cavalheiros; porque aqui está Martim Vasques da Cunha, que he tão bom, como dizem o foi D. Galaz; Gonçalo Vasques Coutinho, que he tão bom como D. Tristão; João Fernandes Pacheco, que não deve nada a Lancarote; e aqui estou eu, que não mereço[582] menos[583] que qualquer d’elles: O certo he, senhor, que só faltou aqui o bom Rei Artur, que os sabía estimar, e animar com mercês grandes.”

6.

Quando El-Rei D. Sebastião quiz[584] fazer[585] a jornada de Africa, determinou avistar-se em N. Senhora de Guadalupe com El-Rei Philippe seu tio[586]; para se ajustar[587] esta funcção[588] veio[589] de Castella o duque[590] d’Alva, cavalheiro mui soberbo[591], e pouco affeiçoado aos Portuguezes, e de cá foi o conde[592] de Redondo. Entre a pratica[593] que tiverão, lhe perguntou[594] o duque que fidalgos vinhão com El-Rei Dom Sebastião; porque com El-Rei vinha elle, e outros como elle. Respondeo-lhe o conde: “Com El-Rei meu senhor vem o duque de Bragança, o de Aveiro, e o marquez[595] de Villa-Real; e fidalgos razos[596], como eu e vós, vem muitos.”

7.

Pedindo[597] um pobre[598] esmola[599] a Philippe II. lhe dizia que se lembrasse erão irmãos; e perguntando-lhe El-Rei por que quarte, respondeo por Adão. Mandou[600]-lhe El-Rei dar um real. Replicou[601] o pobre que aquella esmola não era d’um irmão Rei. “Se a todos os meus irmãos”, disse Philippe, “eu désse outro tanto[602], já não teria[603] real que dar.”

8.

Christovão Colon foi o primeiro que com audaz[604] fortaleza[605] navegou o oceano, o descobrio[606] as Indias de Castella; pelo que mereceo que os Reis Catholicos o fizessem duque de Beraguas. Estava uma noite[607] ceando[608] com outros cavalheiros seus amigos; e dizendo-lhe um que aquella façanha a poderia obrar qualquer outro, se lhe dessem o socorro[609], que fosse necessario, dissimulou Christovão Colon, e tirando um ovo[610] do prato, perguntou aos demais fidalgos se poderia algum fazer que aquelle ovo estivesse levantado[611], sem que se arrimasse[612] a cousa alguma? Respondêrão todos, que não podia ser[613]. Pegou[614] no ovo Christovão Colon, e dando com elle mansamente[615] na mesa[616], lhe fez uma pequena[617] móssa[618], e o póz muito direito. Rírão-se[619] todos, e disse Colon: “Nenhum[620] de Vossas Mercês[621] ha que não acha facil navegar o oceano, depois que eu de lá vim; porém he certo, que se eu não fôra o primeiro, nenhum seria o segundo.”

9.

Um Mahometano consultando a Aischeh mulher de Mahometo, lhe pedio uma regra[622] para bem viver; e ella lhe respondeo: “Reconhece[623] um só Deos, refrêa[624] a tua lingua, reprime[625] as tuas paixões[626], adquire sciencia, vive constante na tua religião, abstem-te de fazer mal[627], frequenta os bons, encobre[628] os defeitos do teu proximo[629], soccorre[630] os pobres, e espera a eternidade por recompensa.”

10.

Querendo certo homem desquitar-se[631] de sua mulher, com quem tinha pouca paz[632], appareceo[633] para este fim[634] diante[635] do Provisor. Estranhou[636] elle a proposta[637], porque conhecia a mulher, e era de boas qualidades: “Porque quereis deixar[638] vossa mulher?” (lhe perguntou o Provisor): “Não he virtuosa?”—“Sim, senhor”; respondeo o homem.—“Não he rica?”—“Sim, senhor.” Emfim[639] a todas as cousas, sobre que era perguntado, respondia em abono seu. Com que lhe disse o Provisor: “Pois se vossa mulher tem tantas cousas boas, porque quereis desquitar-vos della?” A isto o homem, descalçando[640] um sapato[641], perguntou ao Provisor: “Senhor, este sapato não he novo?”—“Sim”, respondeo o Provisor. Accrescentou[642]: “não está bem feito[643]?”—“Sim, ao que parece”, respondeo o Provisor.—“Não he de bom cordavão, e de boa sola?”—Respondeo do mesmo modo que sim. “Pois vê Vossa Mercê com tudo isso[644]” (disse o descontente marido[645]), “pois eu quero tirar este sapato, e calçar outro, porque eu sei muito bem aonde[646] me aperta[647], e faz mancar[648], e Vossa Mercê não o sabe.”

11.

Botocudos.

Estes Indios dominão[649] na cordilheira[650] habitada[651] por seus maiores[652] os Aimorés, de cuja[653] barbaridade ainda guardão sementes. Quando os Portuguezes começárão[654] a povoar[655] o Brazil tiverão de guerrear com os ferozes[656] Aimorés, a quem dizem[657] que derão[658] o nome de Botocudos, de boto, e codea[659], por isso que os Indios desta nação[660] erão rolhos, e trazião[661] o corpo[662] coberto d’uma codea de gomma[663] copal com que se pintavão[664] para se preservarem das ferretoadas[665] dos mosquitos e outros insectos. Os Botocudos são mais brancos[666] que a maior parte dos demais[667] Indios do Brazil, porém, como seus ascendentes os Aimorés, costumão[668] pintar a cara[669] e mais partes do corpo. Dividem-se em varias tribus ou cabildas[670], cada[671] uma com seu cabo[672], que tem um poder[673] absoluto sobre os seus[674] em os negocios de maior importancia como são a caça[675], a guerra[676] e a escolha[677] de uma nova morada[678]; mas na aldea[679] limita-se toda a sua autoridade a compôr as desavenças que são entre elles mui frequentes. Este lugar não he hereditario, escolhe-se para elle o mais bravo, e por vezes[680] o mais atrevido[681] se proclama por chefe da tribu, sobre tudo se por ventura o que os commandava vem a morrer. Os Botocudos tem as espadoas[682] largas, o pescoço[683] curto, o nariz[684] chato, as maçãas[685] do rosto proeminentes, os pés[686] pequenos, as extremidades inferiores delgadas[687], mas nervosas. Furão as orelhas[688], e o beiço inferior[689], e enfião no buraco[690] uma rodella de páo[691]. São vingativos[692] e traidores[693], posto que tinhão um exterior alegre e um ar[694] de franqueza. Não tem especie alguma de culto; considerão[695] o sol[696] como uma divindade a que chamão[697], e reverenceão ainda mais a lua[698], quando com sua luz os protege em suas excursões nocturnas. Amão e imitão as ceremonias religiosas dos christãos, quanto isto póde compadecer-se com a vida nomada que fazem, assim que são de todos os Indios os que mais custão a civilizar-se.

12.

As grutas[699] do inferno[700].

Deo-se[701] este nome ás cavernas naturaes que se achão[702] na montanha em que estão assentadas a povoação e fortaleza[703] da Nova-Coimbra, na provincia de Mato-Grosso e sobre a margem direita[704] do Paraguai. No vertente[705] septentrional[706] da montanha existe uma abertura que dá passo[707] a duas especies de antecamaras, 1 de braça[708] e meia de comprido[709], e 1 de largo[710], e outra algum tanto maior. Desce-se para ellas por uma ladeira que tem obra de 20 braças de comprimento[711], guarnecida de estalactitas, que provêm da filtração continua da abobada. No cabo[712] da ladeira entra-se n’uma salla parecida com uma mesquita[713], de cuja abobada pendem estalactitas de differentes fórmas e tamanhos[714], e o mesmo se observa no chão. A’ esquerda[715] a parede se acha revestida d’uma incrustação d’espalto, que com o reflexo da luz arremeda uma soberba cascata. Póde esta salla ter 50 braças de comprido e 1S de largo, e no fundo della existe um espaço de 6 braças pelo menos coberto d’agua limpida porém de máo sabor[716], que dá da parte de fóra[717] origem a um ribeiro[718] represado frequentemente pelas aguas do Paraguai, nas cheias[719] que alagão todos os annos por varias vezes os campos vizinhos. Os naturaes[720] do paiz não se atrevião[721] a entrar n’estas grutas que forão pela primeira vez exploradas pelo engenheiro[722] Ricardo Franco d’Almeida Serra, em 1791, levando em sua companhia o naturalista Alexandre Rodriguez Ferreira que as debuxou[723] e descreveo[724]. Em 1795, varias pessoas[725] curiosas entrárão n’ellas e com fachas virão que no ribeiro que as aguas ali formavão havião jacarés[726], e que um d’elles tinha uma pata de menos.

Idiomatic Expressions

with Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc.

Andar a pé.

To go on foot.

Andar de pé.

To be unwell.

Andar a cavallo.

To go on horseback.

Andar em coche.

To drive in a carriage.

Andar á vela.

To take a sail.

Andar para diante.

To go forward.

Andar para traz.

To go backward.

Andar a traz de alguem.

To follow some one.

Andar com o tempo.

To go with the times.

Andar perdido.

To go astray.

Andar com honra.

To act honorably.

Andar de esguelha.

To go badly.

Andar de mal para peor.

Out of the frying-pan into the fire.

Com o andar do tempo.

In the course of time.

Andar de galope.

To canter.

Dar um passeio, uma volta.

To take a walk.

Dar a entender.

To give to understand.

Dar fé.

To believe, to credit.

Dar fiado.

To give credit.

Dar á luz.

To publish.

Dar principio.

To begin.

Dar fim.

To end.

Dar os bons dias.

To say good day.

Dar os parabens.

To congratulate.

O relogio dá horas.

The clock strikes.

Dar boa conta de si.

To behave well.

Eu derei conta d’isso.

I will be answerable for it.

Dar em ridicularias.

To become ridiculous.

Dar-se pressa.

To be in a hurry.

Não se lhe dá de morrer.

He does not fear death.

Estar escrevendo.

To be writing.

Estar em pé.

To stand erect.

Estar assentado.

To sit.

Está para chover.

It is going to rain.

Estar em duvida.

To be in doubt.

Estar na cama.

To lie in bed.

Estar com, em, de, saúde.

To be well.

Não está no meu poder.

It is not in my power.

Estar de posse.

To be in possession.

Fazer esmólas.

To give alms.

Faz frio.

It is cold.

Faz lua.

The moon shines.

Não faço caso delle.

I do not care for him.

Fazer uma festa.

To give a party.

Fazer lugar.

To make room.

Ter que fazer.

To have to do.

Fazer um discurso.

To make a speech.

Fazer uma aposta.

To lay a wager.

Faz hoje oito dias.

It is a week to-day.

Fazer o possivel.

To do one’s utmost.

Não henho que fazer com isso.

I have nothing to do with it.

Fazer-se velho.

To become old.

Fazer-se feio.

To become ugly.

Faz-se tarde.

It is getting late.

Ter razão.

To be in the right.

Não ter razão.

To be in the wrong.

Ter ciumes.

To be jealous.

Que quer dizer isto?

What is the meaning of it?

Isto quer dizer, que...

It means that...

Ha alguma, cousa de novo?

Is there any news?

Ha muito tempo.

It is a long time ago.

Ha um anno.

It is a year ago.

Hir por diante.

To go forward.

Eilo lá vai.

There he goes.

Hir para traz.

To go back.

Hir buscar.

To fetch.

Nada se vai mais depressa que o tempo.

Nothing passes quicker than the time.

Vai-se fazendo tarde.

It becomes late.

Não tenho medo.

I have no fear.

Não mais.

Not more.

Ainda não.

Not yet.

Não o farei.

I shall not do it.

Não muito depois.

Not long after.

Queres fazer isso ou não?

Will you do it or not?

Um diz sim, e outro não.

One says yes, the other no.

Não he bom nem máo.

It is neither good nor bad.

Elle ainda não veio.

He has not yet come.

Até onde?

How far?

Até Roma.

To Rome.

Até quando?

How long?

Até que eu vivo.

As long as I live.

Como assim?

How so?

Como! não quereis vir?

What! you will not come?

Dez libras quando muito.

At utmost ten pounds.

Dez libras quando menos.

At least ten pounds.

Dizei muito embora o que quizerdes.

You may say what you like.

Assim he?

Is it so?

Assim seja.

Be it so.

Basta assim por agora.

It is enough for the present.

Andar a passos lentes.

To go very slowly.

A’ direita.

To the right.

A’ esquerda.

To the left.

Vir de França.

To come from France.

Venho da casa da Senhora N.

I come from Mrs. N.

De madrugada.

Early in the morning.

De noite.

By night.

De dia.

By day.

De verão.

In summer.

Perto de oito horas.

Towards eight o’clock.

Junto á cidade.

Near the town.

Sobre a mesa.

Upon the table.

Sobre a noite.

Towards night.

Sobre todas as cousas.

Before all things.

Duas vezes no dia.

Twice a day.

Na rua.

On the street.

Em todo o tempo.

At all times.

Em premio.

For reward.

Para que he isto?

What is that for?

Para onde?

Whereto?

Para que fim?

For what purpose?

Palavra por palavra.

Word for word.

Vai por vinho.

Fetch wine.

De muito atraz.

Far back.

Fazer passo atraz.

To take a step backwards.

Alguns dias atraz.

A few days ago.

Leipsic, printed by J. B. Hirschfeld.

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Footnotes:

[1] house.

[2] good.

[3] appearance.

[4] rose.

[5] mouth.

[6] ear.

[7] head.

[8] forehead.

[9] chin.

[10] part.

[11] body.

[12] human.

[13] window.

[14] open.

[15] needle.

[16] is too fine.

[17] mend.

[18] pen.

[19] I have.

[20] to write.

[21] letter.

[22] do me the favour.

[23] lend.

[24] sheet of paper.

[25] bottle.

[26] table.

[27] cherry tree.

[28] bears.

[29] grape.

[30] ripe.

[31] vine.

[32] the best.

[33] situation.

[34] manteiga.

[35] fresco.

[36] licença.

[37] chicara.

[38] levado.

[39] honra.

[40] cerveja.

[41] excellente.

[42] ostra.

[43] traga me.

[44] obrea.

[45] lindo.

[46] manhãa.

[47] porta.

[48] fechado.

[49] primavera.

[50] a mais agradavel.

[51] estação.

[52] colheita.

[53] ha de ser.

[54] abundante.

[55] flow.

[56] depopulated.

[57] leaved.

[58] ornamented.

[59] comb.

[60] inhabitants.

[61] district.

[62] Indian.

[63] brook.

[64] lake.

[65] dry out.

[66] edificio.

[67] aldêa.

[68] região.

[69] numeroso.

[70] boi.

[71] ovelha.

[72] gato.

[73] ha.

[74] javali.

[75] veado.

[76] lebre.

[77] bosque.

[78] grou.

[79] cegonha.

[80] ave de arribação.

[81] barraca.

[82] feito.

[83] tronco d’arvore.

[84] open.

[85] the interior of the country.

[86] evening.

[87] is suitable.

[88] agricultural produce.

[89] planted.

[90] sowed.

[91] black bean.

[92] melon.

[93] make.

[94] invention.

[95] useful.

[96] obey.

[97] here.

[98] bread.

[99] flatter.

[100] the prince.

[101] constructed.

[102] here are.

[103] two.

[104] balcony.

[105] one lets.

[106] learn.

[107] a handicraft.

[108] paixão.

[109] violento.

[110] navegação.

[111] estender.

[112] no principio.

[113] revolução.

[114] rebentar.

[115] no ultimo tempo.

[116] condição.

[117] rejeitar.

[118] povoação.

[119] no interior do paiz.

[120] caçador.

[121] levar.

[122] caça.

[123] consideravel.

[124] Hespanha.

[125] tabellião.

[126] protestar.

[127] lettra de cambio.

[128] em casa.

[129] perseguir.

[130] numeróso.

[131] punhal.

[132] amolar.

[133] oanzol.

[134] não valem nada.

[135] annel.

[136] pintor.

[137] governar.

[138] barril.

[139] cheio.

[140] official.

[141] descontente.

[142] ha.

[143] cal.

[144] eu gosto.

[145] pastel.

[146] descubrir.

[147] ardil.

[148] bank.

[149] green.

[150] turf.

[151] meadow.

[152] made.

[153] possess.

[154] (landed) property.

[155] out of it.

[156] mortal.

[157] fasting.

[158] to make fat.

[159] sky.

[160] covered.

[161] cloud.

[162] inhabitants.

[163] deal.

[164] with.

[165] timber.

[166] to buy.

[167] to arrive.

[168] short.

[169] flock.

[170] assemble.

[171] almost.

[172] customer.

[173] pirates.

[174] ouvir.

[175] tom.

[176] sol.

[177] esconder.

[178] de.

[179] grosso.

[180] nuvem.

[181] pato.

[182] passagem.

[183] fechar.

[184] imagem.

[185] bagagem.

[186] dar.

[187] parabem.

[188] sempre.

[189] puro.

[190] comido.

[191] quatro.

[192] codorniz.

[193] mostrar.

[194] cicatriz.

[195] ferida.

[196] batalhão.

[197] vez.

[198] belligerante.

[199] amar.

[200] filha.

[201] amiga.

[202] igualar.

[203] dous (fem. duas).

[204] estrella.

[205] alfaiate.

[206] ao mesmo tempo.

[207] ribeiro.

[208] assignar.

[209] nome.

[210] fazenda.

[211] regar.

[212] offerecimento.

[213] colono.

[214] entregar.

[215] carta.

[216] secretario.

[217] cabal, importante.

[218] tributario.

[219] rio do Amazonas.

[220] jazer.

[221] na margem esquerda.

[222] porto.

[223] ornato.

[224] old.

[225] frightened.

[226] nephew.

[227] dying.

[228] suffering.

[229] hatred.

[230] Spanish.

[231] some.

[232] vessel.

[233] watch.

[234] reign.

[235] knight.

[236] Christian.

[237] shore.

[238] the guard.

[239] above named.

[240] plantations.

[241] sugar.

[242] little.

[243] village.

[244] rico.

[245] pobre.

[246] igreja.

[247] campo.

[248] frondoso.

[249] arvore.

[250] ferido.

[251] soldado.

[252] ponte.

[253] numeroso.

[254] tio.

[255] tia.

[256] claro.

[257] agradavel.

[258] inverno.

[259] Sibiria.

[260] rigoroso.

[261] geographico.

[262] historico.

[263] instituto.

[264] mencionado.

[265] alvará.

[266] generoso.

[267] sentimento.

[268] immenso.

[269] selva (silva).

[270] uns, umas.

[271] largo.

[272] unico.

[273] bellicoso.

[274] precedente.

[275] artigo.

[276] agitado.

[277] seguinte.

[278] silencioso.

[279] grave.

[280] profundo.

[281] amor.

[282] populated.

[283] violet.

[284] night.

[285] young.

[286] pretty.

[287] to buy.

[288] cheap.

[289] esteemed.

[290] learned.

[291] chair.

[292] made.

[293] wood.

[294] grandson.

[295] cousin.

[296] pasture.

[297] diligente.

[298] irmãa.

[299] marido.

[300] máo.

[301] amiga.

[302] tulipa.

[303] navio.

[304] simples.

[305] no mundo.

[306] este.

[307] aquelle.

[308] verão.

[309] inverno.

[310] rigoroso.

[311] parte.

[312] relva.

[313] verde.

[314] arvore.

[315] fallar.

[316] um Cicero.

[317] inglez.

[318] louvavel.

[319] virtude.

[320] praticar.

[321] live.

[322] year.

[323] age.

[324] army.

[325] consists of.

[326] killed.

[327] battle.

[328] remained.

[329] prisoners.

[330] population.

[331] souls.

[332] parish.

[333] letter.

[334] dated.

[335] arrive.

[336] length.

[337] the round.

[338] earthquake.

[339] destroy.

[340] burnt down.

[341] inheritance.

[342] to raise.

[343] companhia.

[344] regimento.

[345] ajuntado.

[346] quasi.

[347] chegar.

[348] dentro.

[349] prima.

[350] amolar.

[351] batalha.

[352] anno.

[353] mez.

[354] ovo.

[355] seculo.

[356] filho.

[357] filha.

[358] poor.

[359] love.

[360] never.

[361] trazer, to carry.

[362] agradar, to please.

[363] praise.

[364] dizer, to say.

[365] to cut, to trim.

[366] the wing.

[367] to mount.

[368] praiseworthy.

[369] to advise.

[370] to practice.

[371] the loss.

[372] the wind.

[373] favorable.

[374] generosity.

[375] flower.

[376] valiant.

[377] powerful.

[378] to despise.

[379] sciences.

[380] to know.

[381] to bless.

[382] labour.

[383] imperfection, fault.

[384] reputation.

[385] to admire.

[386] scoundrel.

[387] ought.

[388] to punish.

[389] aprender, to learn.

[390] facility.

[391] battle.

[392] to decide.

[393] the issue.

[394] the campaign.

[395] wise.

[396] young, now.

[397] uprooted.

[398] worshipping.

[399] idols.

[400] disease.

[401] appear.

[402] excellent.

[403] exempt.

[404] passion.

[405] fallar, to speak.

[406] vestido.

[407] meia.

[408] sapato.

[409] dinheiro.

[410] cadeira.

[411] branco.

[412] azul.

[413] morto, matado.

[414] igualar.

[415] requisito.

[416] ministro.

[417] ilha.

[418] estimar, respeitar.

[419] dever.

[420] morrer.

[421] dom, dativa.

[422] Hollanda.

[423] Allemanha.

[424] homem de bem.

[425] velhaco.

[426] neither—nor, nem—nem.

[427] Hespanhol.

[428] Inglez.

[429] Allemão.

[430] bom.

[431] máo.

[432] amar a si mesmo, to love one’s self.

[433] affirmar.

[434] estação.

[435] tempo.

[436] terror.

[437] fugir.

[438] conjurado.

[439] bread.

[440] meat.

[441] wine.

[442] plum.

[443] strawberries.

[444] orange.

[445] raspberry.

[446] fig.

[447] gooseberry.

[448] brother.

[449] nut.

[450] sister.

[451] medlar.

[452] beef.

[453] friend.

[454] veal.

[455] the roastmeat.

[456] ham.

[457] pie.

[458] egg.

[459] cake.

[460] salad.

[461] pepper.

[462] vinegar.

[463] oil.

[464] mustard.

[465] sugar.

[466] spice.

[467] cerveja.

[468] fruta.

[469] maçãa.

[470] pera.

[471] pecego.

[472] cereja.

[473] uva.

[474] amendoa.

[475] amora.

[476] albricoque (damasco).

[477] queijo.

[478] leite.

[479] avelãa.

[480] manteiga.

[481] castanha.

[482] limão.

[483] jardineiro.

[484] aipo.

[485] cebola.

[486] caçador.

[487] caça.

[488] ginjas.

[489] passas, passas de uva.

[490] cozinheira.

[491] azeitona.

[492] amiga.

[493] roseira.

[494] murta.

[495] damasqueiro.

[496] ramalhete.

[497] nata.

[498] sal.

[499] café.

[500] chá.

[501] chocolate.

[502] corragem, animo.

[503] livro.

[504] paciencia.

[505] melancia, balancia.

[506] melão.

[507] by accident.

[508] knife.

[509] fork.

[510] table napkin.

[511] towel.

[512] plate.

[513] glass.

[514] gold.

[515] silver.

[516] spoon.

[517] decanter.

[518] iron.

[519] steel.

[520] lead.

[521] paper.

[522] pens.

[523] penknife.

[524] ink.

[525] house.

[526] flower.

[527] garden.

[528] quarto.

[529] castello.

[530] arvore.

[531] dinheiro.

[532] sede.

[533] occasião.

[534] navalha.

[535] cavallo.

[536] licença.

[537] cantaro.

[538] gato (gata).

[539] cabra.

[540] vacca.

[541] boi.

[542] burro.

[543] cão.

[544] Only the irregular tenses are given, the others are conjugated in the regular manner.

[545] meeting.

[546] to ask.

[547] the question.

[548] land.

[549] better.

[550] to live.

[551] presumptuous.

[552] as.

[553] I give.

[554] the preference.

[555] the priest.

[556] a certain.

[557] judge who has studied.

[558] the people.

[559] the priviledged butchers of beef.

[560] matar, to kill, to slaughter.

[561] the ox.

[562] açougue, the slaughter-house.

[563] chegar, to suffice.

[564] at the same time.

[565] too much.

[566] to order.

[567] courtier.

[568] to flatter.

[569] to lie.

[570] to steal.

[571] to divide.

[572] unfortunate.

[573] death.

[574] lembrar-se, to remember.

[575] kingdom.

[576] pleasure.

[577] to raise.

[578] the siege.

[579] want.

[580] round table.

[581] surrender.

[582] to be worth.

[583] less.

[584] querer, to wish.

[585] to make.

[586] uncle.

[587] to arrange.

[588] business.

[589] he came (vir).

[590] duke.

[591] proud.

[592] the count.

[593] the discussion.

[594] to ask.

[595] marquis.

[596] the low gentry.

[597] pedir, to beg.

[598] poor.

[599] alms.

[600] ordered.

[601] reply.

[602] just as much.

[603] I would have.

[604] audacious.

[605] fortitude.

[606] discovered.

[607] night.

[608] cear, to sup.

[609] assistance.

[610] egg.

[611] to stand erect.

[612] to assist.

[613] that it could not be.

[614] pegar, to take up.

[615] quiet.

[616] table.

[617] small.

[618] break.

[619] rir-se, to laugh.

[620] nobody.

[621] of your honours.

[622] rule.

[623] recognise.

[624] restrict.

[625] suppress.

[626] passions.

[627] to do evil.

[628] cover.

[629] neighbour.

[630] assist.

[631] to divorce.

[632] peace.

[633] appeared.

[634] for this purpose.

[635] before.

[636] to surprise.

[637] the proposition.

[638] to leave.

[639] in fine.

[640] to take off.

[641] the shoe.

[642] to add.

[643] fazer, to make.

[644] with all that.

[645] husband.

[646] where.

[647] pinch.

[648] to make tame.

[649] govern.

[650] mountain chain.

[651] inhabited.

[652] ancestors.

[653] whose.

[654] to begin.

[655] to populate.

[656] wild.

[657] dizer, to say.

[658] they gave (dar).

[659] the rind.

[660] nation.

[661] to carry.

[662] the body.

[663] gum.

[664] pintar, to paint.

[665] sting.

[666] white.

[667] the others.

[668] to have the practice.

[669] face.

[670] hordes.

[671] each.

[672] leader.

[673] power.

[674] over his tribe.

[675] the chase.

[676] war.

[677] the choice.

[678] place of residence.

[679] village.

[680] sometimes.

[681] bold.

[682] shoulder.

[683] neck.

[684] nose.

[685] cheeks.

[686] foot.

[687] thin.

[688] ears.

[689] the underlip.

[690] a hole.

[691] wooden.

[692] vindictive.

[693] traitorous.

[694] an air.

[695] to look upon.

[696] the sun.

[697] to call.

[698] the moon.

[699] grotto.

[700] hell.

[701] one has given.

[702] to find, achar-se.

[703] the fortress.

[704] on the right shore.

[705] slope.

[706] northern.

[707] which forms the entrance.

[708] fathom.

[709] long.

[710] wide.

[711] length.

[712] at the end.

[713] Mosque.

[714] size.

[715] on the left.

[716] bad taste.

[717] from the outside.

[718] rivulet.

[719] inundation.

[720] inhabitants.

[721] attempt.

[722] engineer.

[723] to draw.

[724] to describe.

[725] persons.

[726] crocodile.

Transcriber’s Notes:

The cover image was created by the transcriber, and is in the public domain.

New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.

Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.

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Table of Contents

A NEW PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD OF LEARNING THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE.

PREFACE.

INDEX.

FIRST COURSE.

The Pronunciation.

PART I.

3. Declension of the definite Article.

Declension of the indefinite Article.

Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions.

6. On the Gender.

26. The Adjective.

35. The Numbers (Vos Numeral).

42. Pronouns.

PART II.

Collection of Words.

Easy Dialogues.

SECOND COURSE.

Verbs.

18. Adverbs.

20. Prepositions.

22. Conjunctions.

Interjections

Reading Lessons.

Idiomatic Expressions with Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc.

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE