Conformity to the World
Date: 2016-05-23T00:00:00+00:00
Keywords: Christian life -- Anglican authors

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Conformity to the World

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Conformity to the World

Author: Edward Hoare

Release date: May 23, 2016 [eBook #52149]

Language: English

Credits: Transcribed from the 1877 Hatchards edition by David Price

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONFORMITY TO THE WORLD ***

Transcribed from the 1877 Hatchards edition by David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org

CONFORMITY
TO
THE WORLD.

BY
THE REV. E. HOARE,
VICAR OF TRINITY, TUNBRIDGE WELLS,
AND HONORARY CANON OF CANTERBURY.

Second Edition.

LONDON:
HATCHARDS, PICCADILLY.
1877.

LONDON:
Printed by John Strangeways
Castle St. Leicester Sq.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

INTRODUCTION

1

THE WORLD

6

CONFORMITY TO THE WORLD

21

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

21

RECOGNITION OF THE DISTINCTION

28

DRESS

31

SOCIETY

35

FRIENDS

39

AMUSEMENTS

41

CONCLUSION

62

INTRODUCTION.

There are few subjects of greater practical importance than that considered in these pages, viz., Conformity to the World.  It is one that penetrates into the daily life of families, and leads to questions of the most delicate character between those who are bound together by the most intimate relationships of life.  It is moreover a subject pre-eminently suited to our times, for I venture to say there are few amongst us who have not reason to deplore a sad tendency to worldly conformity amongst those in whom we take a deep interest.  Many of the young people of our day seem prepared to sweep away all barriers, and to lose sight of all distinctions; while others, who, we really hope, are Christian people, who take an interest in Christian objects, and assist us generally in our parochial work, seem to have forgotten the landmarks drawn out by our fathers, and, I fear, have become in consequence weakened in their faith, and paralysed in their Christian peace.  They have become very much like Ephraim as described in Hos. vii. 8, 9: ‘Ephraim, he hath mixed himself among the people; Ephraim is a cake not turned.  Strangers have devoured his strength, and he knoweth it not; yea, gray hairs are here and there upon him, yet he knoweth not.’  Thus in such characters there is a warm side, and we acknowledge it with thankfulness; but there is a cold side likewise, and we deeply deplore it.  The cake has not been turned, and the result is a thorough inconsistency of character.  There is sufficient religious interest to blind the eye to the discovery of decay; but, though they know it not, the decay is begun, and there are grey hairs stealing upon them, the outward signs of inward weakness; for they have mixed with the people, and strangers are devouring their strength.

But we need not suppose that this is a new difficulty, or that the temptation is now for the first time appearing in the Church.  It was the same in Cowper’s day, as we may gather from his poem:—

‘Renounce the world, the preacher cries.
We do—a multitude replies.
While one as innocent regards
A snug and friendly game at cards;
And one, whatever you may say,
Can see no evil in a play.
Some love a concert, or a race;
And others shooting, or the chase.
Reviled and loved, renounced and followed!
Thus, bit by bit, the world is swallowed.
Each thinks his neighbour makes too free,
Yet likes a slice as well as he.’

But the difficulty reaches much further back than Cowper’s time.  It is in fact as old as the human heart, for it is part and parcel of it, so that 1800 years ago the Church of Christ required the same warning that it does now, and the Apostle Paul gave the inspired caution: ‘Be not conformed to this world; but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect will of God.’  The word ‘transformed’ is alone sufficient to show the deep-seated character of the evil, for it proves that nothing less than a transformation is required to enable us to overcome it.  Let human nature go on unchanged, and the result will be conformity to the world.  The world and the love of it are in the natural heart, and, unless there is a change, there is sure to be worldly-mindedness in the life.

THE WORLD.

Before we can understand what is meant by conformity to the world, we must first see clearly what is meant by the world itself.

There seem to be three senses in which the word is employed in Scriptures.

(1.)  It is used to express all mankind.  I cannot doubt that this is the meaning of our blessed Saviour in those memorable words of His: ‘God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.’  I have heard a limitation put on that passage, and seen ‘the world’ explained as meaning only the elect.  But such an interpretation I believe to be contrary to Scripture.  The expression ‘the world’ is constantly used for those who are not amongst the elect, but never, I believe, for those that are; besides which, the eighteenth verse of the chapter seems to me to prove conclusively that both classes, viz., those who believe, and those who do not, are here included in the one comprehensive term, ‘the world.’  The words are, ‘He that believeth on him is not condemned; but he that believeth not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God:’ showing, as I cannot but think, beyond a possibility of contradiction, that those who perish and those who are saved are included in the world, which God loved in His deep compassion, and for which He gave His only begotten Son.

(2.)  The world stands for this earth and all that belongs to this present life, or dispensation.

Thus of the incarnation St. Paul says that our Lord ‘came into the world to save sinners.’ (1 Tim. i. 15.)  So our Lord speaks of His lifetime here as a time spent in the world: ‘While I was with them in the world, I kept them in thy name.’ (John, xvii. 12.)  So, ‘When Jesus knew that the hour was come that he should depart out of the world, having loved his own which were in the world, he loved them unto the end.’ (John, xiii. 1.)  And this I have no doubt is the meaning of His prayer (John, xvii. 15), ‘I pray not that thou shouldest take them out of the world, but that thou shouldest keep them from the evil.’  He did not desire that they should die, or be removed from the scene of life’s labour, but that they should be preserved in it as a holy and consecrated people.

In the same sense St. John says, ‘The world passeth away, and the lust thereof: but he that doeth the will of God abideth for ever’ (1 John, ii. 17); and again, ‘Whoso hath this world’s goods, and seeth his brother have need, and shutteth up his bowels of compassion from him, how dwelleth the love of God in him?’

(3.)  But there is a third sense of the term ‘the world,’ and one of more frequent occurrence in Scripture than either of the other two.  It is used for the body of unconverted persons as contrasted with the children of God.  In this contrast there are many points clearly marked in Scripture.

(1.)  The two classes are separated by the gift of God, as we learn from the words of our Lord in John, xvii. 9: ‘I have manifested thy name unto the men which thou gavest me out of the world: thine they were, and thou gavest them me; and they have kept thy word.’

(2.)  Believers enjoy a fellowship with God to which the world are strangers.  ‘How is it,’ said Judas (John, xiv. 22), ‘that thou wilt manifest thyself unto us, and not unto the world?  Jesus answered and said unto him, If a man love me he will keep my words: and my Father will love him, and we will come unto him, and make our abode with him.’

(3.)  The world has no real knowledge of the Father, of Christ, or of His people.  They may think they know Him, and may really know a great deal about Him; but as for that knowledge which our Lord declares to be life eternal, they are perfect strangers to it, for His language is, ‘Oh righteous Father, the world hath not known thee: but I have known thee, and these have known that thou hast sent me.’ (John, xvii. 25.)  In like manner said St. John, when speaking of the Father’s boundless love in 1 John, iii. 1, ‘Behold what manner of love the Father hath bestowed upon us that we should be called the children of God! therefore the world knoweth us not, because it knew him not.’

(4.)  The world has its origin in this world, and belongs to it; but believers have their life from God.

So the world are sometimes called ‘the children of this world,’ as e.g., Luke, xvi. 8: ‘The children of this world are wiser in their generation than the children of light;’ and our Lord puts the contrast very plainly when He says (John, viii. 23), ‘Ye are from beneath, I am from above: ye are of this world’ (ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου); ‘I am not of this world.’

On the other hand, of believers He says, that their life is from above.  Just contrast the passage already quoted with His language in John, xvii. 16.  Of the world He says, ‘Ye are of this world.’  But of His little flock, ‘They are not of this world, even as I am not of this world.’  They have a life given them from above (ἄνωθεν, John, iii. 3), and therefore St. John plainly declares respecting them (1 John, v. 19), ‘We are of God, and the whole world lieth in wickedness.’

(5.)  The world has its portion in this world; believers have their portion in heaven.

The world are like the rich man described by our Lord, to whom Abraham said, ‘Thou in thy lifetime receivedst thy good things.’  The good things that he sought for were all connected with this present life, and he received them.  Thus there are few better definitions of men of the world than that given by David in Psalm xvii. 14, when he describes them as ‘men of the world, which have their portion in this life.’  Every person has his portion somewhere; i.e., we all have some treasure at which we are aiming, something that we are pursuing if we do not all attain it.  Now the portion of the men of the world is altogether in this present life.  I do not mean that they have no vague hope of going to heaven when they die; but that they are practically living for the things of time.  It is for the things of this life that they are spending their strength, and here it is that they really have their portion.

How different it is with those whom God has called out of the world!  They are in the world, but their treasure is in heaven, and they can say as David did (Psalm xvi. 5), ‘The Lord is the portion of mine inheritance and my cup: thou maintainest my lot.’  To them the world is a crucified thing, as St. Paul said, ‘By whom the world is crucified unto me, and I unto the world.’  They have a new hope and a new inheritance; for, being children, they are heirs, heirs of God, and joint heirs with Christ.  Their conversation is in heaven, because their Saviour is there; and, while they are diligent in life’s occupations, they seek first the kingdom of God, and His righteousness.  They are looking for a city which hath foundations, whose builder and maker is God.

(6.)  But there is another point in which our blessed Saviour has marked the contrast between the two classes still more clearly, viz., this, The world does not love Christ or His people.  I know that the first impression produced on many minds by such a statement would be that there is not this antipathy in our own times.  There is so much kindliness of heart amongst worldly people, and in many cases they show so much friendliness, that it is difficult to realise this hostility.  But our Lord distinctly declares it, and all His words are true.  In John, xv. 18, 19, He says, ‘If the world hate you, ye know that it hated me before it hated you.  If ye were of the world, the world would love his own; but because ye are not of the world, but I have chosen you out of the world, therefore the world hateth you.’  So again (John, xvii. 14), ‘I have given them thy word; and the world hath hated them, because they are not of the world, even as I am not of the world.’  So St. John echoes His Master’s words, and says (1 John, iii. 13, 14), ‘Marvel not, my brethren, if the world hate you: we know that we have passed from death unto life, because we love the brethren.’  In all these passages there is the contrast clearly marked between the world and those whom God has called out of it to be a separate people unto Himself; a contrast so marked that it produces enmity on the part of the world towards the separated people.  But still, as I have already said, there are multitudes of professing Christians who are ready to deny the existence of any such enmity, and most of ourselves have frequently met with generosity and kindness from those who we cannot but fear are still people of the world.  How then are we to explain this apparent difference between Scripture and experience?  How is it that we do not find a greater hostility on the part of the world towards the people of God?  Of course the testimony of God’s Word must be true, and the explanation must be sought for in ourselves.  I would suggest to those brethren who think they see a difficulty, three inquiries which may perhaps remove it.

(1.)  Do we not sometimes mistake conformity to the externals of the Gospel for love to Christ?  In a Christian country like this, the most thoroughly worldly persons are induced, by their sense of respectability, to conform to the visible practices of Christianity; but it does not follow on that account, that the real enmity of the human heart towards a blessed Saviour is removed, or that the offence of the cross has ceased.

(2.)  Do we not sometimes mistake personal regard to ourselves, for a love to the people of God?  Men of the world have strong natural affections, and those natural affections may happen to be fixed on the children of God; but it does not follow on that account, that they love either Christ or His people.

(3.)  Are the people of God thoroughly faithful in their intercourse with the world?  Is not an exhibition of the Lord Jesus Christ so greatly modified in many cases, that the world is never brought into collision with the high standard held up by Him?  If our Gospel is softened down to meet the world’s mind, of course it will excite no hostility; and I cannot but fear, that the friendship we so often meet with in the world, may arise from our taking low ground ourselves, and not really shining forth as lights in the world, or exhibiting with sufficient clearness the holy character to which Christ has called His people.

But without stopping to dwell on these causes for the absence of the apparent enmity, we must, I think, all admit the clear contrast drawn in Scripture between the world and the people of God; and must conclude, that in the various passages referred to ‘the world’ includes all those who are not in Him, as contrasted with those that are.  There are two classes, with a clear line between them—the world and the people of God; the world consisting of those who are not in Christ; and the people of God, of those who are given to Him, called by Him, justified in Him, born again through His Spirit, and preserved in Him as vessels for His glory.  Thus the world is not limited to profligate or notorious offenders, but includes all those who are strangers to the covenant of God in Christ Jesus.  The world might almost be reckoned as a middle class between the profligate and the people of God; a class having great charms, and many excellencies; a class having a wisdom of its own, exceeding, so far as this life is concerned, that of the children of light; a class including amiable men, moral men, influential men, and intellectual men; including the refined, as well as the unrefined—the gentleman, the statesman, the philosopher, and, I must add, even the clergyman, provided only that one thing is wanting, that one thing being a living union with Christ Jesus the Lord.

CONFORMITY TO THE WORLD.

From this account of the world, we may proceed to examine what is meant by conformity to it; and in this examination we must begin with general principles.

General Principles.

(1.)  Conformity to the world is quite distinct from immorality.

It is a very common thing for persons to say that there is no harm in such or such an amusement; by which they mean that there is no profligacy.  But conformity to the world is a totally different thing to profligacy; and though there is no profligacy, there may be the most thoroughgoing worldliness.  The world, in many cases, condemns open vice as much as the people of God do.  It is most unjust in its sentence; as, for example, when it brands the poor woman with infamy, and admits her abominable betrayer into the unrestrained enjoyment of society.  But in many cases it is extremely severe, and it would not be just, or true, to identify it with debauchery or low-lived habits.  It is altogether far more refined in its character; and though it may be perfectly true of a young man that he is quite steady, and free from low vice, it may be equally true that there is no love of the Lord Jesus in his heart, and that he belongs entirely to those described by the Psalmist, ‘the men of the world, who have their portion in this life.’  It may be quite impossible to lay your hand upon any one thing that he does, and pronounce it immoral; but equally impossible to discover in him anything that savours of the things which be of God, or that proves him one of those whose conversation is in heaven.

I regard this distinction between immorality and worldliness as one of the utmost importance in the consideration of the subject; for I have known many cases in which Christian parents bring questions to the test of immorality, rather than to that of worldliness.  If there be no immorality in any course of action they are satisfied, without stopping to consider whether it is most in harmony with the mind of the world or with the mind of God.  But, if immorality and worldliness are entirely distinct in their character, it is clear that this latter test is the only one on which we can rely.  If the mind of the world were the same as the mind of God, then, of course, we ought to be satisfied if there is nothing in a young person’s conduct which the world condemns; but if it be a fact that the mind of the world is opposed to the mind of God, then in His sight we may be altogether wrong, though the world can discover no harm whatever in our conduct.  A young person may be quite steady, and yet altogether worldly; quite free from habits of dissipation, but conformed at the same time to the world; perfectly moral, but of the world, and in it.

(2.)  Again, conformity to the world does not consist in diligent attention to the business of life.  The rule for the servant of God is; ‘Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might;’ and we may be perfectly sure, that God’s name will never be honoured by negligence in a Christian calling.  On the other hand, the effect of the Gospel on the heart will be to render the Christian man pre-eminently effective in that state of life in which it shall please God to place him.  There is nothing in spirituality of mind to make a person a bad man of business, or to give any apology for ineffectiveness in common life.  If a Christian man is inaccurate in his accounts, unpunctual in his appointments, and muddling in his arrangements, it is the effect not of his religion, but, generally speaking, of his indolence; for if his religion were properly applied, it would lead him to act on the scriptural maxim, ‘Not slothful in business, fervent in spirit, serving the Lord.’

(3.)  Once more, separation from the world does not consist in eccentricity.  Christian persons are not called upon to look out for opportunities for making themselves different to other people.  Our Lord came, it is true, to redeem us to Himself ‘a peculiar people.’  But that peculiarity is perfectly distinct from singularity, or eccentricity.  It refers simply to the sacred position of the Lord’s people, as redeemed by His blood, and so made His own, an especial people unto Himself.  It is the result of the great truth taught in the text: ‘The Lord’s portion is his people: Jacob is the lot of his inheritance.’  If the blessed fact that we are His, be consistently followed out in daily life, the distinction will be quite sure to make itself felt; and it is the duty of the child of God not to shrink from its being so felt.  If we be amongst the Lord’s people we must not be ashamed of it, but must be prepared for anything that may arise out of the peculiarity of our high calling.  But the Christian is not called to go out of his way to make the distinction conspicuous, or to attract attention by anything of his own choosing.  If the Lord makes him a marked man, it is well; but if he makes himself one, though he may really desire to adorn the Gospel, he may by his own folly make it appear ridiculous.

What, then, is conformity to the world, and what is the practical development of it in common life?  Its general principles we have already ascertained.  It is living according to the mind of the world, instead of the mind of God; and, as far as general principle is concerned, there will probably be but little difference amongst Christian persons.  The real difficulty lies in the application of this principle to daily life, and in ascertaining where to draw the line between that which is desirable and that which is undesirable, for those whose desire it is to be conformed to the will of God.  In many happy cases there is no difficulty at all, for it disappears before the power of a new affection.  The new affection which God has planted in the heart is so strong, and so warm, that it settles all questions without discussion.  The new taste finds no relish in the old habits, and the result is that they drop off of themselves, like the leaves in autumn.  But there is not always this strength in the new affection; and there are those who are thoroughly sincere in their desire to follow Christ; and who, we hope, have really begun to follow Him; who still want help in making up their mind as to the line they ought to take.  They have to decide on their course of conduct, and sometimes without any counsel from their friends.  They wish to be faithful to their blessed Saviour, but they are anxious not to give needless offence.  They are afraid of paining those whom they respect and love, and there is a delicate feeling of modesty, which makes it extremely painful for them to make a higher profession than those around them.  For such cases, a few practical suggestions may be an assistance.

Recognition of the Distinction.

There is conformity to the world when we ignore the distinction between the people of God and the world; and this, I believe, lies at the very root of the subject.  There is nothing more unpopular to the world than this distinction.  The prevailing theory of worldly persons is, that all are very much alike, provided only that they are virtuous and amiable; and there is nothing which they dislike more than the idea of a peculiar people, separated unto God in Christ Jesus.  They would wish to be considered right in their opinion, as their more religious friends are right in theirs; and if the servants of God will only concede this one principle, the men of the world will bear almost anything at their hand.

I am well aware of the practical difficulty of maintaining the distinction.  In many things the world conforms to the Church, as the Church does to the world; and the line is so shaded off on both sides, that it is almost beyond man’s power to trace it.  The state of things is very much like two dissolving views at the time when they are passing from one to the other.  There is a faint sketch of both, but no clear outline to either.  Then, again, the last thing that we desire is to see our young people assuming to themselves a spiritual superiority, and saying to others, ‘Stand aside, for I am holier than thou.’  But still the distinction is drawn by God in His Word, and we are guilty of thorough conformity to the world if we set it aside.  Happily, we are not called to decide where each individual stands; and I know few things more painful than to hear persons discussing whether individuals are converted or not.  But still the existence of the distinction in its broad outlines must lie at the basis of a great deal of our practical conduct, and must not be allowed to disappear from our guiding principles.  If we are in Christ, adopted as His own holy family, we must not be afraid of acknowledging Him, or ashamed of being identified with His people.

Dress.

We are conformed to the world when we adopt the dress and appearance of the world.  I do not mean to say that Christians are called to make themselves eccentric in their appearance, or altogether to ignore the changing fashions of the country.  I do not believe that worldliness is avoided by having a stereotyped dress like nuns or Quakers.  The principle by which, I think, we ought to be guided, is never to be either in the advance of the fashion, or the extreme of it; but, when it has become the costume of the country, to adopt it in moderation.  There is no risk of eccentricity if a person abstains from a new fashion until it has become so common as to be a part of the national costume, and if it is then adopted in great moderation there will be nothing at any time to attract attention.

I know that some take a different line, on the plea, as they say, that it is necessary to dress according to their station, and that the style of the dress should be regulated by the income of the wearer.  Thus, I have known some cases of palpable inconsistency in mistresses, and even Sunday-school teachers, who have gravely exhorted their servants or scholars against a style of dress which they themselves were wearing at the time.  But, if the quality varies with the income, which I quite admit, does it follow that the style should?  What is not modest apparel for the maid, is no better surely for the mistress: and if it is wrong for the scholar to be showy, it is wrong likewise for the teacher.  Others I have known who have professedly dressed in the height of the fashion in order to increase their influence with worldly persons; but surely this is a low and human policy, and it would be far better for all parties simply to adhere to Scripture.  Human nature has always been the same, and women loved smart dressing 1800 years ago just as much as they do now.  The costume, of course, was different, so that the actual directions of those days will not apply to our own; but the taste was the same, and the Scripture teaches us plainly that Christian women ought, for the Lord’s sake, to keep that taste in subjection and restraint.  The language of St. Paul is, ‘In like manner also that women adorn themselves in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety; not with braided hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly array; but, which becometh women professing godliness, with good works.’  He considered modest apparel to be the true adornment of a Christian woman, and surely any deviation from it is a direct act of conformity to the world.  The words of St. Peter are to the same effect, ‘Whose adorning let it not be that outward adorning of plaiting the hair, and of wearing of gold, or of putting on of apparel; but let it be the hidden man of the heart, in that which is not corruptible, even the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, which in the sight of God is of great price.’ (1 Pet. iii. 3, 4.)  Surely such passages show that there is a sin in stylish dressing, and that the Christian lady will be distinguished from the fashionable world by the quiet modesty and becoming simplicity of her appearance.

Society.

We may be conformed to the world in our intercourse with society.  As long as we are in this life we are thrown into the midst of other men; and, as members of society, we are bound by the duties of social life.  There are kind neighbours all around us, many of whom, we may fear, are still men of the world, but who are associated with us through business and the ties of neighbourhood.  How, then, should we act in society when we really desire not to be conformed to the world?  I do not think that the Christian is to show himself an exclusive man.  ‘He that hath friends must show himself friendly;’ and there are many things which he may, and even ought to do, to all around him.

He should be in all cases a friendly, obliging, and unselfish neighbour.

He should be open at any time to kind and friendly intercourse.

He should be ever ready to help his neighbours in all that concerns either them or their families.

He should be diligently seeking to promote the happiness of all who are brought into contact with him.

And all this without ever stopping to consider whether they are the children of God or not.

I believe, also, that he may safely join with them in social life.  Our Lord did it, and therefore they who desire to follow Him may do it likewise.  But let us all remember, what we are sometimes apt to forget when we look to His example, that we must be prepared to follow Him throughout, and go, as He went, wherever we go, as faithful witnesses for God.  Our Lord accepted the invitation of Simon the Pharisee; but He never forgot His character or mission; and before He left the dinner-table He both reproved Simon, and saved the poor sinner that came trembling to His feet.  My belief is that this is the true solution of all the questions that arise respecting social intercourse with men of the world.  I see great difficulty in artificial rules; but I believe that, when Christian men seek for God’s grace to adorn the Gospel wherever they are, they will soon find that society sorts itself.  If Simon the Pharisee, or Zaccheus the Publican, ask them to dinner, let them go, and let them recognise the hospitality of their friend.  But let them be sure they first seek God’s grace that they go as Christian witnesses, and they will find practically that, unless their Master is welcomed as well as themselves, they will not be perplexed by many more invitations.  If they go on the principle of leaving all their Christianity at home, the case is of course different.  They will then be sought for by the world, for the simple reason that they are conformed to it; for nothing do worldly men prize more than the implied sanction of those who bear a high name as religious characters.  ‘We cannot be wrong,’ say they, ‘for Mr. So-and-So was here; and we all know what an excellent man he is.’  Conformity to the world does not consist in going to the dinner, but in changing our character as well as our dress, and going there as men of the world, without letting it be felt that we have sought the Master’s presence, and are anxious for the Master’s glory.

Friends.

There is conformity to the world in our choice of friends.

I say ‘our choice of friends,’ because there are many given us by God without any choice of our own.  There are often dearly-beloved relations respecting whom we may feel a deep anxiety; but that anxiety must not deaden the affections, or take away the natural love which God Himself has planted towards them.  But these are not our chosen friends, not those whom we have sought out or made for ourselves.  But there is probably scarcely anything that marks a character more than its friendships.  Nothing can be stronger than the Scripture is upon this subject, ‘Know ye not that the friendship of the world is enmity against God?  Whosoever therefore will be a friend of the world is the enemy of God.’ (James, iv. 4.)  Thus there is a direct act of conformity to the world in the cultivation of worldly friendships.  If the people of God are thought dull, and are therefore disregarded, while we seek our friendships from those who belong to the world, it shows that there is no affinity with the people of God, and I fear we must go one step further, and say, no real love for God Himself; for the words of Scripture are perfectly plain, ‘Every one that loveth him that begat, loveth him also that is begotten of him.’ (1 John, v. 1.)

Amusements.

But now I come to that which, I am inclined to think, is the most difficult portion of our whole subject, viz.—amusements.  We are conformed to the world when we go into many of the amusements of the world.  I say ‘into many,’ because I cannot say all, as many do not belong exclusively to the world, but are a legitimate source of recreation to the children of God; and this it is that makes the subject so pre-eminently difficult.

There are, however, a few general principles which may help to guide us.

(1.)  The Christian man has no place in those amusements which have become practically connected with immorality and open wickedness.

This principle will clear off a great many at once; such, for example, as theatres, operas, and races.  There is no harm in racing a horse, acting a play, or the performance of beautiful music, regarded in the abstract; but in practical life they are mixed up with gambling, fraud, profligacy, and the degradation of female character.  The mischief has become part and parcel of the system, so that the Christian man has nothing to do but to withdraw.  He is not called to reform the racecourse, the ballet, or the stage, so that his only course is to have nothing whatever to do with them.

(2.)  But, further still.  There is conformity to the world when we go into those amusements which are decidedly worldly in their character.  As I have already shown, there may be thorough worldliness where there is no profligacy; and in such a case it is for the people of God to keep clear.  On this principle, I believe we should abstain from balls.  There is no denying that the fashionable ball is altogether of the world.  The dress, the flirtation, the excitement, the late hours, are all of the world; and the moral sense is sufficient to decide that any thing savouring of the Gospel, or of the Lord Jesus Christ, is utterly out of place in such a scene.  If balls are not worldly, I cannot imagine what is.  I went to some in early life—sober, quiet, well-conducted family balls, and I do not hesitate to express my conviction that I never met with anything in which I have seen so complete a combination as in the ball-room of the three things mentioned by St. John, ‘The lust of the flesh, the lust of the eye, and the pride of life,’ which are ‘not of the Father, but of the world.’  Some dances, such as polkas and waltzes, I believe to be objectionable on moral grounds; and I have known instances in which perfectly steady young men have been exposed to great temptation through them.  I can quite believe, however, that this is not the case with all, and therefore it is not the point on which I rest my chief objection.  It is the thorough, avowed, open worldliness of all balls that I think should lead the Christian to abstain.  The whole thing is of the world.  The conversation is of the world; the gratifications are all of the world; the excitement is altogether of the world; the society assembled there is, for the most part, of the world; and, therefore, I cannot believe that they are the fitting enjoyments for those who wish to carry out the Apostolic precept, ‘Be not conformed to this world; but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good and acceptable and perfect will of God.’

(3.) Surely the Christian is out of place where he cannot reasonably hope to enjoy the presence and companionship of God.

If the whole scene is of such a character that it would be clearly out of place to speak of the things of His kingdom, and if the effect of the whole is likely to be such as to forbid secret communion at the time, or to unfit us for stated prayer afterwards, it is surely a clear case that such is not the amusement for those whose earnest desire it is to walk with God, and to do His will.

(4.)  So further, I think we may conclude that, as a general rule, it is safer and wiser to be guided by the experience and common practice of the people of God.  I do not mean to say that Christian people are infallible, or that they may not in some cases draw the line too tight.  They are but men, and they are liable to human failures.  But still they are much more likely to be right in such matters than those are who have never sought counsel from God upon the subject.  If therefore we see that the most decided Christians have as a body been led to abstain from a certain class of amusements, it is surely wise to believe that they have seen some good reason for doing so, and the prudent course for the young Christian is to endeavour to avail himself of their experience, instead of relying on his own wisdom, and so striking out a new course for himself.  This lesson is well taught us in the Song of Solomon (chap. i. 7, 8).  The Bride there says, ‘Tell me, O thou whom my soul loveth, where thou feedest, where thou makest thy flock to rest at noon: for why should I be as one that turneth aside by the flocks of thy companions?’  Her desire was to be near to the Lord, and not to turn aside to strangers.  Now mark well the answer: ‘If thou know not, O thou fairest among women,’ if thou know not, that is, where to find the beloved, ‘go thy way forth by the footsteps of the flock, and feed thy kids beside the shepherds’ tents.’  In order to find the chief shepherd she was to trace the footsteps of the flock that followed him, and tracing those footsteps, she would be guided to her Lord Himself.  So if we want to live near to the Lord, I am persuaded we must not be ashamed of tracing the footsteps of His people.  We must be prepared to identify ourselves with them; we must not set aside their experience as a thing of nought; and must so far yield our own will as to be guided by their concurrent judgment.  When, therefore, a young person finds that all the most decidedly serious persons of his acquaintance have thought it best to abstain from any particular amusement, I am persuaded that he is more likely to enjoy the presence of his Lord if he decides on abstaining with them, even though he may not see their reasons, than if he sets aside their experience, and follows in the steps of those whose boast it is that they make no profession.

(5.)  There is another practical suggestion with reference to amusements, though I cannot urge it as one of principle; viz., this: There is great risk in adopting, or introducing, an amusement, if it is likely to lead on to something further, and you cannot draw any clear line at which you mean to stop.  There are some things perfectly unobjectionable in themselves, but which become most objectionable when carried to the extent to which the world carries them.  But yet the shades of difference are so delicate that it is almost impossible to draw any line that shall form a stopping point between the innocent beginning and the objectionable end.  Take dancing as an illustration.  In itself, it is a natural, cheerful, innocent amusement, and a great deal better, in my opinion, than many others which are substituted for it.  But those others have this advantage, that, when they reach a certain point, they cease of themselves; whereas, dancing leads straight on to the ball-room, and you cannot tell your sons or daughters where to stop.  It is offensive to your friends to say that your young people may dance in your own home, but not in theirs.  Then, again, it is impossible to persuade a young person that the question of conformity to the world depends on whether the carpet is taken up or not.  You cannot turn the carpet into a test, as I have known some attempt to do, and say that it is all right if the carpet is down, but wrong if it is taken up.  Nor can you make the time of leaving off a test, and say that it is right till eleven, and wrong if it goes on till twelve; or right till twelve, and wrong if it goes on till one.  The result is that those who begin with what they call family dances find in most cases that their young people end in being habitual ball-goers; and very frequently the parents themselves are so drawn along down the sliding scale that they give up most of their early principles, and become with their young people, in such matters, thoroughly conformed to the world.  Thus, many a young person has been like those unfortunate travellers who perished when crossing the Col de Géant.  They found the narrow ridge of rough rock was difficult and fatiguing, so they turned aside a few paces in order to find an easier path on the smooth surface of the sloping snow.  Of course they had no idea of doing anything but keep safely along the upper part of the slope, close to the rocky ridge.  But it was not in their power to choose their own path when once on the slope.  In a fatal moment one slipped, and drew the others with him.  There was no stopping point then, and they were dashed to atoms over the tremendous precipice below.  I am not surprised, therefore, that most Christian parents have considered it wiser and safer for their children to keep strictly to the rocky ridge.

But in saying this I think we must bear in mind that it is rather a point of Christian prudence than of Christian principle, and be therefore extremely careful in condemning the conduct of those who differ from us.  It is possible that a truly Christian person may think that he has discovered a safe stopping place in the sliding scale; and, if so, we must be careful how we blame him for conformity to the world, if he goes up to what he considers the safe limit.  We may entirely differ from him, and believe that he is walking on very dangerous ground.  But he may still be sound in principle, and sincerely anxious not to be conformed to the world.

(6.)  But the next suggestion is one of principle, and of the utmost importance to the practical consideration of the subject; viz., this: That no amusement should be entered into by young persons without the full and hearty concurrence of their parents.  By ‘full and hearty concurrence’ I do not mean reluctant permission, almost extorted from them by the fear of paining their children; but I mean that real approval which makes the young persons’ pleasure theirs.  I am persuaded that in such matters the young Christian cannot well make too much of his parents’ wishes.  I am prepared to adhere to this even in those cases in which I believe the young person to be right, and the parent mistaken.  Of course if a clear command from God were involved, the authority of God must overrule that of a parent; but if the question turn on some point which the Word of God has left undecided, then surely the young person is called to yield.  To take an example.  A daughter is convinced of the great Scriptural principle, ‘Be not conformed to this world,’ and on the strength of it wishes to give up balls.  But her mother wishes her to accept an invitation to one, and there is a collision between the judgment of the child and the will of the mother.  How, then, should that young person act?  It is an open question so far as the Scripture is concerned, whether going to balls is conformity to the world.  The young person thinks it is, as I do.  But after all, this is human opinion; whereas it is a Divine command to honour the father and the mother.  But in all cases the human opinion must give way to the Divine authority, and therefore the right course appears to be for the young Christian, under such circumstances, to say to her mother with the utmost affection and most dutiful respect, that she wishes from a sense of duty to abstain from such amusements; but that, if her mother requires it as an act of filial obedience, she is ready as a child to obey.  I have given this advice to many young persons, and I never knew an instance in which I had occasion to regret it.  But surely the same advice must be given when it acts in the contrary direction, and, as long as young people are under their parents’ roof, even though they may differ from them, the parents’ wish must be held supreme.

We must not, however, forget that the same principle which calls for obedience in the young calls likewise for fidelity in the parent.  The parents have a responsibility laid upon them so long as the young people are inmates of their home, a responsibility which the young person is bound to acknowledge, and of which the parents cannot divest themselves.  Parents therefore are bound to be faithful, as well as the children to be submissive.  If they consider a particular course of conduct to be conformity to the world, it is their duty as Christian parents plainly to say so.  They should let their minds be known, and let it be an understood thing that the course adopted is opposed to their judgments and their wish.  There are very few Christian families in which the knowledge of the parents’ wish is not sufficient; and when young persons are ready to submit to the judgment of their parents, it is clearly due to them that the parent should not shrink from the responsibility of decision.  It is an easy thing to get rid of a difficulty by saying that at their age young persons must do as they like; but it is not fair to do so when the young persons are dutifully disposed, and perfectly ready to yield to their parents’ judgment.  In such a case the son or daughter has a right to look to the parent for a decided expression of his opinion and wish.  When things are as they ought to be in a Christian home, the parents’ wish is followed at once.  If that wish is clearly expressed, and then disregarded, the blame lies on the young people; but if, from any motive, the parents withhold the expression of their wish, then they must be held responsible, and they have no right to express regret at the worldly conformity of their children.

But, besides the duty towards the children, it is important not to forget the responsible position which the parent occupies in society; for, as a general rule, parents are held to a great extent responsible for the amusements adopted by the young people under their roof.  If we could get behind the scenes we should often hear it argued that Mr. A. allows his daughters to adopt a certain line of conduct, or that Mr. B. makes no objection; whereas it is not impossible that they have both objected strongly, but have not had the moral courage to take the responsibility of withholding their consent.  The result is, that they are thought by their friends to sanction that which they disapprove, and they practically throw the weight of their influence into the support of that which they think undesirable.

But let it not be supposed, that in saying this, I do not enter into the anxieties of parents, for I have seen too much of life not to know how great they are, and how strong are the considerations which sometimes make many waver when deciding for their children, who would never hesitate as to their own conduct.

Some are afraid of exciting a prejudice against their principles; and their earnest desire to see their dear children living in Christ makes them glad to soften down as much as possible the distinction between His people and the world.  I can enter most heartily into such a feeling, and I am persuaded that no wise Christian would ever wish to put a needless cross in the way of his family.  Still we must make up our minds to the conviction, that neither they nor we can follow Christ without the cross.  There is a cross to be borne, and we shall utterly mislead those who are guided by us if we suppose that it is melted away by modern improvements in society.

We have therefore plainly to face the fact that our Christian principles involve a cross, and we shall never really commend them to others by presenting them in such a modified form as to keep out of sight their true character.  If we succeed in persuading young persons to accept such a modification, there is danger of our becoming the unintentional means of deceiving them as to their true position before God.

Others, who feel strongly themselves, are afraid of drawing the line too tight for others, and so causing a reaction when the tension ceases.  I can thoroughly enter into these fears, and most fully acknowledge the danger.  But I do not believe it is avoided by the parent’s departure from his own principles; but rather by the prayerful and painstaking endeavour, in accordance with those principles, to make his home thoroughly cheerful.  It is the greatest possible mistake, to suppose that exciting amusements and large parties are essential to the happiness of the young.  On the contrary, I believe that, when the collapse after the excitement is taken into account, they will be found on the whole to diminish it.  The real happiness of a young man’s vacation depends on the resources of his home; and the best safeguard against the irritating effect of real consistency is to make the home so thoroughly cheerful that there is no desire for extraneous excitement.  This is not always easy, and in all cases requires prayerful self-denial and painstaking.  If a family is left to itself, to amuse itself as best it may, who can wonder that the evenings often hang very heavily?  But when the dearly beloved mother throws her whole heart into the interests of all around her; when she is always planning for that which may make the day pass pleasantly; always on the look-out for good books and good friends; always ready to deny herself so as to cheer away a dull half-hour, and to throw herself with real interest into all the amusements of her family; and when the father takes his share in all that is going on, his share of interest, if he cannot afford his share of time, and so gives all the support in his power to her on whom the home life must mainly depend for its attractions, it will seldom be found that the young persons crave after excitement, for the simple reason that they are satisfied at home.  I need scarcely remark what a rich reward such parents reap for their painstaking, and how deeply thankful they should be, if the Lord so bless their efforts as to make what some call the tightness of the line never felt by those who are gently guided by it.

CONCLUSION.

But while these practical suggestions may be helpful to some who are doubtful as to their practical conduct, it is important for us to remember well that the root of conformity to the world is not found in those practices which lie on the surface, but in the deep affections of the natural heart; so that whatever rules we adopt we are conformed to the world when we are living for the things of the world.  We found at the outset that the men of the world are described as those who have their portion in this life.  So we are conformed to the world when the portion in this life is the great end and object of our pursuit.  Turning to the epistle of St. Paul to Titus we find that the grace of God which bringeth salvation is to have a twofold effect on the character.  It is to wean, and to attract.  The weaning process is described, when he says, ‘Teaching us that denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly, in this present world;’ and the attractive power in the words, ‘Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ.’  Now we must not suppose that by the word ‘lust’ is meant only sensuality.  It is the old English word for desire.  Thus, worldly desires, or desires after the world, are placed side by side with ungodliness, and both are to be denied by those who know the grace of God which bringeth salvation.  Here lies the root of the matter.  If the affections are still fixed on the world, and the desires bent on it, it is in vain to tell a man that in practice he shall not be conformed to it.  Where his treasure is there will his heart be also, and where the heart leads the way, the steps are almost sure to follow.  If, therefore, the affections be fixed on the friendships of the world, and the desires are bent on the good things of the world—its wealth, its honours, its popularity, its applause, its high positions, we must expect that questions which arise in practice will be referred, not to the balance of the sanctuary, but to the balance of the world; and it is hopeless to look for any decided line of action.  But this must not be the case with the children of God.  If we be in Christ we know the grace of God which bringeth salvation; we have been redeemed unto God by the precious blood of Jesus; we are sealed unto Him by the Holy Spirit of Promise, we are kept as His purchased possession until the day of His return: we are looking, waiting, hoping for that happy time when He shall take the kingdom, and all these earthly things pass away for ever; and are we to be looking backwards instead of forwards?  Are we to be fostering the earthly affection, and losing sight of the heavenly?  No.  Let the world seek its own, and enjoy it while it lasts.  But it won’t last long.  Still, while it does last men of the world are consistent in living for it.  No one can accuse them of inconsistency.  What we ask for is a similar consistency in those whose conversation is in heaven, and whose desire it is to walk with God.  If we know Him let us keep our eye steadily fixed on Him; let us not be afraid of going forth without the camp, if only we can trace His footsteps in the path; and let us never lose sight of the Divine precept, ‘If ye then be risen with Christ, seek those things which are above, where Christ sitteth on the right hand of God.  Set your affections on things above, not on things of the earth.  For ye are dead, and your life is hid with Christ in God.’

LONDON:
Printed by John Strangeways, Castle St. Leicester Sq.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BY THE SAME AUTHOR.

1.  Palestine and Russia.

16mo. cloth, bevelled, 1s. 6d.; paper cover, 1s.

2.  Rome, Turkey, and Jerusalem.

Sermons in Connexion with the Second Advent.

Twelfth Thousand, 16mo. cloth, 1s. 6d.; paper, 1s.

‘It is very difficult to deal with prophetical subjects in the pulpit; but these five sermons may be taken as a model of this kind of teaching.  Mr. Hoare argues on the broad, simple lines of prophecy, in a way which, to our mind, must bring irresistible conviction.’—Clergyman’s Magazine.

3.  Inspiration: Its Nature and Extent.

and Edition, revised and enlarged.  16mo. cl. 1s. 6d.; paper, 1s.

4.  Sermons for the Day.

Fcap. 8vo. sewed, 6d.

5.  The Communion and Communicant.

4th Edition, revised and enlarged.  Fcap. 8vo. sewed, 6d.

6.  Baptism.

As Taught in the Bible and Prayer-book.

6th Edition.  Fcap. 8vo. sewed, 4d.

STANDARD WORKS.

Turkey;

Or, The Judgment of God upon Apostate Christendom.

By Rev. Bourchier Wrey Savile, M.A., of Shillingford.

16mo. cloth, 1s. 6d.; paper cover, 1s.

‘Eminently interesting and suggestive . . . The rise and fall of the Saracenic and Turkish Empire are events of such historic importance, that a summary like that which Mr. Savile has here sketched will be found useful to those who are able to appreciate the importance and the tendency of the events included within the limits of what is termed the Eastern Question.’

Record.

Also, by the same Author.

The Bride of Christ.  6d.; cloth, 1s. 6d.; paper cover, 1s.

I will Sing of the Mercies of the Lord;

Or, An Exposition of the 89th Psalm.

By Rev. Canon Bardsley, of Manchester.  Sq. fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d.

‘Edifying and instructive. . . .  The writer evidently speaks everywhere out of the fullness of his own heart, and tells of truths which are the strength and comfort of his own inward life.’

Record.

The Life after Death, and the Things to Come.

By the Rev. John Cullen, of Radclyffe-on-Trent.

With Memoir by Rev. W. H. M. H. Aitken, Mission Preacher.

Square fcap. 8vo. cloth, 3s. 6d.

‘Sober and serious, as well befits its important theme.  In doctrine sound, in argument convincing, and in appeal powerful.’

Christian Observer.

Dies Iræ:

The Final Judgment and Future Prospects of Mankind.

By the Rev. R. B. Girdlestone, M.A.

Revised and Cheaper Edition.  Sq. fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d.

‘The topics discussed are solemn and important beyond all others, and have been handled by the author in a very careful and reverent spirit.’—Christian Observer.

The Modern Avernus.

The Descent of England.  How far?

A Question for Parliament and the Constituencies.

By Junius Junior.  Third Edition.  Crown 8vo. cloth, 6s.

‘Romanism is dealt with in the aspects which it now presents; and all the questions, which are common topics of thought and conversation, are reviewed in a plain and practical manner.’

Christian Observer.

Scripture and Science Not at Variance.

By the late Ven. John H. Pratt, Archdeacon of Calcutta.

Seventh Edition, revised.  Small crown 8vo. cloth, 3s. 6d.

‘The Archdeacon’s reply is firm and candid, and has one great quality which we earnestly recommend, that it is decided in tone.’

Christian Advocate.

Christian Certainty.

By the Rev. Samuel Wainwright, D.D., of Dalston.

Author of ‘Voices from the Sanctuary.’  8vo. cloth, 10s. 6d.

‘“A Synopsis of the Christian Evidences” would be no untrue title for this work.’—Christian Observer.

The Church in the Cherubim;

Or, The Glory of the Saints.

By Rev. James Gossett Tanner, M.A., of Maida Hill.

Square fcap. 8vo. cloth antique, 5s.

‘A very important monograph, ripe, scholarly, and deeply devotional.’—Clergyman’s Magazine.

Christ Our Example.

By Caroline Fry.

With Preface by Rev. A. M. W. Christopher, M.A.

Fourteenth Edition.  Fcap. 8vo.  1s. 6d.; paper, 1s.

‘Earnest and practical in its character, this will long remain a favourite with Christian readers, and those who are yet unacquainted with it will do well to enter upon its perusal forthwith.’

Rock.

WORKS BY A. M. JAMES.

1.  True Consecration;

Or, Close Abiding of the Heart in God.

Square fcap. 8vo. cloth, 2s. 6d.

‘A complete manual or illustration of the Christian life in all its stages and aspects . . . We cordially recommend the volume as sound, scriptural, and edifying.’—Record.

‘A holy book, not leavened in any degree with modern perfectionism, but yet setting before the believer the highest conceivable standard, and wisely urging him to press forward.’

Sword & Trowel.

2.  The Covenant of Love.

A Manual of Devotion for the Sick and Suffering.

Being 28 Readings, with a Prayer and Hymn to each.

Extra crown 8vo. cloth, 2s. 6d.; paper cover, 2s.

‘Gentle, soothing, and at the same time ardently religious; it supplies just the special groove of thought which is needed for the sick-room.’—Literary Churchman.

3.  The City which hath Foundations.

Or, Thoughts on a Future State.

With an Introductory Letter by Right Hon. Sir J. Coleridge.

Cheaper Edition, revised and enlarged.  Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d.

‘Written to counteract some erroneous notions respecting a future state.  Its tone is thoughtful and scriptural.’

Church of England Magazine.

‘Introduced by a letter from Sir John Taylor Coleridge, which is as beautiful a dissertation upon the mourner’s hope as we have ever met with.’—Guardian.

4.  The Service of Love;

Or, Ministry for Christ in our Daily Life.

New Edition.  Square 18mo. cloth, 1s. 6d.; paper, 1s.

‘A really good book, enforcing ministry for Christ in our daily life.’—Guardian.

‘A little book full of sweetness.’—King’s Highway.

‘Young Christians will find it especially helpful. . . .  Full of the truest help and encouragement.’—Christian Progress.

5.  A Selection of Prayers for Family Use.

With an Address by E. James, M.A., Canon of Winchester.

Edited by A. M. James.  New Edition.  Fcap. 8vo. 1s.

‘Not only the well-chosen prayers, but his practical address on the value of family devotion with which the volume opens, will be acceptable in many cases.’

Churchman’s Shilling Magazine.

6.  My Strength is made Perfect in Weakness.

Second Thousand.  Square 18mo. 2d.; or 1s. 6d. per dozen.

‘A little tract on tinted paper, in which is stated very simply and affectionately how Christian people may fail to find their Saviour’s strength by not seeking more than His strength, that is Himself.  The strength is to come, not from without, but, as the branch derives its strength from the vine, by ultimate union with Christ.’—Church Bells.

FOR THE SICK AND AGED.

1.  Songs in the Night;

Or, Hymns of Hope and Trust for Weary Watchers.

Selected and Arranged by Anna Clowes.

Extra crown 8vo. very large type, paper, 1s. 6d.; cloth, 2s.

‘Selected with good judgment . . . Will no doubt prove a welcome companion to many of those who are afflicted or distressed.’—Record.

2.  The Sheltering Vine.

Selections by the late Countess of Northesk.

With Introduction by the Most Rev. R. C. Trench, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin.  Ninth Thousand.  Two Vols.  10s. 6d.  Vol. I. cloth, 6s.; Vol. II. cloth (on the Loss of Friends), 4s. 6d.

The object of this Work is to afford consolation under the various trials of mind and body to which all are exposed, by a Selection of Texts and Passages from Holy Scripture, and Extracts from Old and Modern Authors, in Prose and Poetry, with a Selection of Prayers adapted to the same.

3.  The Name of Jesus, and other Poems.

By C. M. Noel.  14th Thousand.  New Edition.

Square fcap. 8vo. cloth, 2s. 6d.; roan limp, 5s.; mor. 7s. 6d.

4.  Words of Peace;

Or, The Blessings of Sickness.  By Bish. Oxenden, D.D.

61st Thousand.  Fcap. 8vo. large type, cloth, 1s. 6d.

5.  The Home Beyond;

Or, A Happy Old Age.  By Bishop Oxenden.

138th Thousand.  Fcap. 8vo. large type, cloth, 1s. 6d.

(Bound with ‘Words of Peace,’ roan, 5s.; mor. 7s. 6d.)

HATCHARDS, PUBLISHERS, PICCADILLY, LONDON.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONFORMITY TO THE WORLD ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

- • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

- • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

- • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

- • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

Table of Contents

- CONFORMITY TO THE WORLD.

- CONTENTS.

- INTRODUCTION.

- THE WORLD.

- CONFORMITY TO THE WORLD.

- General Principles.

- Recognition of the Distinction.

- Dress.

- Society.

- Friends.

- Amusements.

- CONCLUSION.

- ADVERTISEMENTS.

- STANDARD WORKS.

- WORKS BY A. M. JAMES.

- FOR THE SICK AND AGED.

- THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE