The Project Gutenberg eBook of On the Red Chalk of England

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: On the Red Chalk of England

Author: Thomas Wiltshire

Release date: March 17, 2013 [eBook #42356]

Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Paul Clark and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This

file was produced from images generously made available

by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE RED CHALK OF ENGLAND ***

Transcriber's Note:

Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible.

Larger versions of the picture of Hunstanton Cliff and the plates may be seen by clicking on the images.

The Geologists' Association.

ON

THE RED CHALK OF ENGLAND.

BY

THE REV. THOS. WILTSHIRE, M.A. F.G.S.

PRESIDENT OF THE GEOLOGISTS' ASSOCIATION.

A PAPER READ AT

THE GENERAL MEETING,

4TH APRIL, 1859.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE ASSOCIATION,

AND

PUBLISHED AT THE OFFICE OF "THE GEOLOGIST," 154, STRAND.

1859.

LIST OF PLATES.

PLATE I.

Fig.

1. Inoceramus Coquandianus, from Speeton.

2. Fragment of Inoceramus, striated by glacial action, Muswell Hill.

3. Nautilus simplex, Hunstanton.

4. Inoceramus Crispii, Hunstanton.

5. I. tenuis, Hunstanton.

PLATE II.

1. Spongia paradoxica, Hunstanton.

2. Siphonia pyriformis, Hunstanton.

3. Cardiaster suborbicularis, Hunstanton.

4. Ostrea frons, Muswell Hill.

5. O. vesicularis, Hunstanton.

6. Exogyra haliotoidea, Hunstanton.

7. Cytherella ovata, Speeton.

8. Cristellaria rotulata, Speeton.

9. Trochocyathus (?) ——, Hunstanton.

PLATE III.

1. 1a. Vermicularia elongata. Upper and under surface of two different specimens, Speeton.

2. Vermicularia umbonata, Hunstanton.

3. Serpula irregularis, Hunstanton.

4. S. antiquata, Hunstanton.

5. Bourgueticrinus rugosus, Hunstanton.

6. Diadema tumidum, Hunstanton.

7. Cidaris Gaultina (?), Hunstanton.

PLATE IV.

1. Terebratula biplicata, 1a. mag. surface, Hunstanton.

2. T. semiglobosa, 2a. mag. surface, Speeton.

3. Kingena lima, 3a. mag. surface, Hunstanton.

4. Terebratula capillata, 4a. mag. surface, Hunstanton.

5. Belemnites attenuatus, Hunstanton.

6. B. Listeri, Speeton.

7. B. ultimus, Speeton.

8. B. minimus, Speeton.

ON THE RED CHALK OF ENGLAND

A Paper read 4th April, by Rev. THOMAS WILTSHIRE, M.A., F.G.S., Etc., President.

Persons in general take as the type or representative of chalk the material which mechanics employ for tracing out rough lines and figures. It is a substance of a bright white colour, somewhat yielding to the touch, and capable of being very easily abraded or rubbed down.

But the geologist gives a much wider interpretation to the term, not limiting it by these few characteristics; and, accordingly, he includes under the same title many strata which would hardly be so grouped together by the uninitiated.

For instance, there is at the base of the upper portion of the cretaceous system a certain hard, often pebbly, and highly coloured band, which, notwithstanding its great departure from the popular type, is nevertheless styled in geological language the "Red Chalk." This stratum, the subject of the present paper, nowhere forms a mass of any great thickness or extent; perhaps if thirty feet be taken as its maximum of thickness, four feet as its minimum, and one hundred miles as its utmost extent in length, the truth will be arrived at. It may be said, also, to be peculiar to England, for the Scaglia, or Red Chalk of the Italians, has little in common with that of our country. The two differ widely in appearance, in situation, and in fossils.

The first view of the seam in the north is to be obtained about six miles north-west of Flamborough Head, in Yorkshire, near the village of Speeton, where its structure, dip, and general appearance can be remarkably well studied.

Speeton is a small village, a place of no great note in the business-world, yet of much fame amongst the lovers of geology, inasmuch as in its neighbourhood there are several interesting formations, to one of which—the Speeton clay—it gives a name.

In these days of rapid travelling, the village has the great convenience of a railway-station, from whence the cliffs below can be reached without the slightest difficulty.

Lign. 1.—Map of Part of Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, and Norfolk, showing the Outcrop and Range of the Red Chalk.

As I wish to conduct the members of the Association to the Red Chalk in sitû, let us suppose that, starting from some locality near the Hull and Scarborough Railway, we have taken tickets for Speeton station, and have in due time arrived at that latter place. On alighting from the train we must direct our steps to the houses in front, and then inquire the way to the sea-shore, above which we shall be standing at some considerable height—say four hundred feet. We shall be told to walk by the church, to turn to the right along a little lane, and then to look for an obscure path which passes across the fields. We shall soon afterwards, being on high ground, be able, by the light of nature, to find a way down to the sands below.

Whilst descending, let us survey the scene that lies before us. It is a grand one, rendered picturesque by the broken ground, the solitude, and the sounding of the waves. Right ahead, there is the open Bay of Filey; on the left hand, the town of Filey and its Brig; not a ship, as one might imagine, but a huge mass of rocks of the coralline oolite, jutting out to sea at right angles from the shore, like a pier formed by human hands, and crowned on the land-side by strangely cut pinnacles of pink and rugged drift. On the right hand there are the high and perpendicular white chalk cliffs of the Flamborough range. As we pass down we shall meet with a gulley or bed of a small stream, in all probability quite dry, by following the winding course of which we shall reach the shore. This gulley passes over an escarpment of diluvial matter (the whole place being in confusion through the effects of small landslips), and traverses the Red Chalk itself, the first trace of which will be rendered visible by means of rolled fragments, which the force of the stream has at different times detached.

It will be only here and there that we shall find the Red Chalk in sitû, because sometimes vegetation, sometimes diluvium, sometimes fallen masses, entirely conceal its real position. However, there will be plenty of rounded pieces at the feet. Some of these had better be examined on the spot, in order that we may gain a clear perception of the appearance of the bed, should we meet with it again. These pieces are found to be hard and rough to the touch, and of a bright red tinge, though occasionally marked with streaks of white. Most likely on some of their sides a fossil or two will be seen peeping out; a blow from a hammer will divulge still more. So plentiful are the rolled fragments, that a few hours' work will satisfy the conscience, and fill the pockets of the traveller.

If I might be permitted to give advice to any member of our Association who should hereafter visit the place, it would be this—that it would be well for him to carry away moderate sized boulders entire, rather than to break them on the spot. The fossils will best be developed at leisure. The material is so hard, and the fossils so brittle (especially the belemnites and serpulæ), that imperfect specimens only will result from the quick and rough treatment of the hammer. The "find" will not produce any very great variety, only numbers; terebratulæ, serpulæ, and belemnites will be all that will be obtained.

Having now procured specimens, we had better walk southward along the shore; after a short time will be seen a fine perpendicular section of this particular stratum; we shall notice it is bounded on the one side by the White Chalk, to which it is parallel; on the other by the Speeton clay, which is not conformable to it, that is, not parallel.

The thickness of the bed of the Red Chalk is at this place, as I said just now, about thirty feet. First of all, taking it in descending order, that is to say, having reached its limit at the White Chalk, and retracing our steps in the direction of Filey, we notice about twelve feet of red matter containing serpulæ, and we note that the upper portion of this division is much filled with greyish nodules, showing that the change from the White Chalk to the Red is gradual. Next comes a bed of about seven feet thick, of darkish White Chalk; and finally, another bed of about twelve feet thick, of bright Red Chalk, containing belemnites and terebratulæ. The whole is followed by the Speeton clay, of which a short and accurate account will be found in No. 13 of THE GEOLOGIST magazine. The line of division between these two being well marked by runs of water, which are caused by the percolation through the chalk being stopped by the impervious clay.

The Speeton clay is singular in some of its characteristics. At its upper portion, in contact with the Red Chalk, it contains fossils belonging to the Neocomian or Greensand era, whilst at the lower part there are the representatives of the Kimmeridge clay. And thus it would appear to be one of those peculiar formations which have resulted from a number of beds thinning out, and becoming absorbed into each other. Three of the well-marked fossils of the Speeton clay may be adduced: Belemnites jaculum; a small crustacean, Astacus ornatus; and a large hamite, called Hamites Beanii.

To the south of the Red Chalk at Speeton, and adjoining it, occurs, as I lately mentioned, the White Chalk. The fossils in this part are not numerous; an inoceramus, a terebratula, and rarely an ammonite, are found. But the White Chalk higher up, that is, farther south, below Flamborough Head, near Bridlington Quay, is very fossiliferous, containing corals, echini, a bed of marsupites, as well as that very remarkable and extensive collection of marine forms, the silicified sponges, thousands of which can be seen at low water scattered up and down, and imbedded in the scars, or rocks. This chalk, however, has its drawbacks, for being very hard—indeed, so much so as to ring under the strokes of a hammer—specimens cannot be obtained without much trouble. I must make an exception with regard to the sponges. They are composed of silex; hence, long soaking in very dilute hydrochloric acid will do more and better work after the fossils have been brought home, than fifty chisels. The calcareous matter is slowly dissolved away, and then forms come into view as delicate and lovely as any that can be noted in the modern sponge tribe. Most of the common kinds of the Flamborough sponges will be found figured and named in Professor Phillips' Geology of Yorkshire; the rarer in the Magazine of Natural History for 1839.

Let us now return to the village of Speeton, and endeavour to follow the winding course of the Red Chalk to its visible termination, some hundred miles to the south-east, in the county of Norfolk.

By a reference to the map (page 2), where the bed is laid down, it is seen that the Red Chalk adjoins the White Chalk during its entire length; that it first takes a westerly direction for about twenty miles, and then suddenly turning at a sharp angle proceeds south-east for the remainder of its course.

Some persons might suppose when they see the map, that if they were to travel to any of the towns or villages near the line, they would of necessity be able to see the Red Chalk in sitû. No such thing; the upper soil, or vegetation, or man's work, may quite conceal all traces. It is only at natural sections like the cliffs just spoken of, or by other means, such as wells, &c., that we can acquire a true idea of the ground beneath us. Who, for example, that lives in the City of London, could imagine, unless he had seen the fact for himself, when sewers were opened, or foundations cut, that he was dwelling over beds of gravel as bright and yellow as any that cover the paths of a flower-garden?

When, therefore, the nature of the surface of the ground is such that the eyes cannot detect traces of any particular formation we may be in search of, we must seek other testimony, we must ask what have other men seen, and what have they recorded, and in whose custody have they placed the keeping of those facts.

In the present case I can refer to two excellent works, to help us,—Professor Phillips' Geology of Yorkshire, and Young and Bird's Survey of the Yorkshire Coast.

Let us turn to the latter. The authors write that in the year 1819 a Mr. George Rivis, of Sherburn, bored for coal in a deep dale about a mile and a half south of Staxton; the boring was continued for some considerable depth. First they passed through the White Chalk, next came upon the Red seam, and finally, at the depth of 288 feet from the mouth of the bore, reached the Speeton clay. Thus then near Staxton, a few miles west of Speeton, the Red Chalk exists; there it is, though it may not be visible.

If we proceed still farther west along the northern foot of the Yorkshire Wolds, it is possible that at Knapton we shall actually see the Red and White Chalk again in sitû; for Young and Bird tell us that, at a clay-pit near that village, it was to be seen in their day. At North Grimston, they add, the coloured chalk seems to be wanting, for at a copious spring issuing on the hill-side, about a mile above the village, the White Chalk is seen lying immediately over the blue clay.

This statement is not to be wondered at. Look at the map (page 2). Not far from North Grimston there must evidently be great unconformity of strata. Notice several of the formations, instead of running parallel to one another, actually are at right angles. For instance, we have the Speeton clay, the oolites, and the lias, almost perpendicular in direction to the White Chalk, a little to the west of Great Driffield. Such a condition of affairs must have resulted from great disturbances, and there would be nothing strange in a part of the series being displaced or altogether wanting.

Some miles to the south, near the town of Pocklington, the strata are again parallel in direction to each other, and accordingly the Red Chalk is found, as before, at the base of the Wolds. Professor Phillips, in his work on the Geology of Yorkshire, figures some Red Chalk fossils from Goodmanham, near Market Weighton, and alludes to their also occurring at Brantingham, not far from the River Humber, the boundary of the county.

Thus, then, the Red Chalk has been traced through Yorkshire; speaking roughly one might say, that it for the most part takes an undulating course at the base of the Wolds; that it rises with a very gentle inclination from the sea near the village of Speeton; that it proceeds nearly due west until it approaches the neighbourhood of Malton, that it then suddenly changes its direction, and advances south-east until it sinks below the marsh-land six or seven miles to the west of Hull, having occupied a distance of about fifty miles.

We now cross the river Humber, and find the Red Chalk again near the banks at a place called Ferraby, to the west of Barton in Lincolnshire.

The Museum of the Geological Society of London possesses specimens taken from that part, and in a note attached to them there is this remark, that first came White Chalk, then Red Chalk, then a blue clay; thus it is evident there is the same state of things prevailing as we had at Speeton; and the same observation will apply to the appearance of the specimens themselves.

But as we travel along the western base of the Lincolnshire Wolds, or Chalk Downs (for Londoners would so term them), although we find the Red Chalk underneath the White, yet the blue clay beneath the Red Chalk is wanting; its place is supplied by a thick series of brown coloured sands, with included beds of sandy limestone, full of fossils like the Kentish Rag, only not possessing echini and belemnites. These beds have been referred to the lower greensand.

Only a few remarks can be offered in reference to Lincolnshire. My intention was to have visited the base of the chalk-hills, and have gathered together new facts; I have not been able to do so; neither have I been successful in discovering any authors who have written much about that county. There is a great geological darkness over that land, and much remains to be done in working out its fossiliferous deposits. I can, however, speak confidently regarding Louth.

One might fancy, as the town is placed to the right of the dark line on the map, which marks the position of the Red Chalk, that Louth could have nothing to do with the latter. But a friend who made some inquiries for me on the spot has forwarded two specimens, and says he saw them taken out of a chalk-pit at that town. They ran in veins, he writes, the lighter coloured over the darker, and were dug at no great distance below the surface. The bright red piece was just above where the springs arise—facts which correspond with evidence in other places.

As the inclination of the plane of the strata is small, and rising towards the south-west (the direction of the strata being north-west), it is easily comprehended that the Red Chalk may exist under Louth, and yet not appear at the surface of the ground until at some distance to the west of the town.

At Brickhill, near Harrington, the seam also has been met with; a specimen of it can be seen in the Museum of the Geological Society of London. This last and those from Louth differ little in appearance or character from what may be obtained at the Speeton beds.

I have no more to say about Lincolnshire, except that, according to the authority of geological maps, the Red Chalk of that county sinks and disappears below the marsh-lands, a few miles before reaching the sea.

And now it is time to cross the Wash, that great sea-bay, and land at Hunstanton, a little village on the north-western coast of Norfolk. As I am addressing a company of working geologists, I ought perhaps to say how in practice the locality can be arrived at, for it is not quite so easy to reach a place in reality as it is to see it on a map.

To go to Hunstanton, in the most ready way, a person must first reach Lynn; whence an omnibus, starting in the afternoon, at three or four o'clock, from the Lynn station, will convey passengers to the village.

At Hunstanton there are two hotels, and several lodging-houses. I should recommend the Le Strange Arms, as being an old-fashioned comfortable inn, and nearer than the other to the section we are in quest of. Perhaps it may be thought, Why dwell so much upon Hunstanton—its hotel—and its omnibus? I do so because at that village there is a most excellent natural section of the Red Chalk, better almost than at Speeton, and different certainly in many respects.

We will suppose that we have arrived at Hunstanton, and are walking towards the shore in front of the Le Strange Arms. A very few minutes will convey us to the wonderful cliff. I say wonderful, not from its height or length; for at its greatest height, under the lighthouse, it is not more than sixty feet; and it extends little more than a mile in length; but wonderful from its curious colour and general effect.

Lign. 2.—Hunstanton Cliff (looking to the North)

The woodcut, copied from a water-colour drawing, made last autumn by a friend, will afford an idea of its appearance; but in it the absence of colour, of course, takes away from the beauty of the scene.

The cliff itself may be divided into five portions: first, White Chalk, forty feet thick; secondly, bright Red Chalk, four feet; thirdly, a yellow sandy mass, ten feet; fourthly, a dark brown pebbly stratum, forty feet; and, lastly, twenty feet of a bed almost black.

These divisions do not run one into the other, as is the case in most geological strata, but keep quite distinct. Thus the Red Chalk is as clearly separated from the White, as though the one had been covered by a broad band of paint. The same observation will hold good with respect to the others.

It will readily be understood that when the sun shines upon the cliff, and lights up the bright white, the bright red, the pale yellow, and the dark brown and black, and casts a shadow over the mass of gaily tinted materials at the base, a picture is produced not easy to be surpassed in beauty, and certainly not to be fully appreciated unless it be actually seen.

The bed of White Chalk above the Red is, at Hunstanton, very fossiliferous; though rendered somewhat useless, like that of Yorkshire, to the geologist, from its extreme hardness. Amongst other shells, may be mentioned several kinds of serpulæ, belemnites, and ammonites. These last are occasionally very large: when I was at Hunstanton, in the autumn, I found an example two feet in diameter; with great difficulty I extricated it from its matrix, breaking it in half during the operation; and, finally, had the mortification of discovering that its weight was so great I could not carry it away.

The Red Chalk beneath, which is nearly four feet in thickness, is very full of fossils: belemnites, serpulæ, terebratulæ, corals, and many others, not to mention bones. The number of specimens on the table will testify to its richness in organic remains.

Sometimes it is soft and crumbling; but, generally speaking, it is very hard, gritty, of a bright red shade, and full of small dark-coloured siliceous pebbles; in this respect differing considerably from the Red Chalk of Speeton—in which I have not seen pebbles. Professor Tennant, who has examined the Hunstanton pebbles, informs me that they consist of chalcedony, quartz, flint, slate, and brown spar or carbonate of iron.

It also contains a great quantity of fragments of inocerami, and a curious ramifying sponge-like structure (there is one on the table), which also occurs in the White Chalk above.

Something very similar to the ramifying sponge is seen on the surface of blocks on the sea-shore at the back of the Isle of Wight in the greensand formation, and one very like it on the calcareous grit of the Yorkshire shore. You will observe these last to the north of Filey, but nothing of the same appearance exists in the White Chalk at Speeton.

Underneath the Red Chalk of Hunstanton occurs a yellow and brown pebbly sandstone, which was formerly supposed to contain no organic remains. Mr. C. B. Rose of Yarmouth, however, has obtained many.

This bed is termed in those parts "carstone," and much employed as a building-material. The cottages in that neighbourhood and on the road from Lynn seem at a distance as though they had been constructed of masses of gingerbread, so great is the similarity in colour and appearance.

The length of the Red Chalk, from end to end, at the Hunstanton Cliff is about 1,000 yards, and its greatest elevation at the point where it attains the top and quits the cliff is thirty-seven feet; hence its rise is very gradual, since its first appearance is nearly on a level with the beach.

There are two other things worth observing at Hunstanton. One is the lighthouse, which is upon the dioptric principle, the light being transmitted out to sea by means of glass prisms instead of the ordinary metal reflectors; and the other is a vestige of a raised sea-beach on the cliffs composed of rounded fragments of White and Red Chalk immediately reposing on the greensand. It is situated at the southward of the point where the Red Chalk crops out.

We will now, if you please, quit Hunstanton, and proceed towards Lynn, keeping in the neighbourhood of the coach-road.

If we could dig up the ground when we were within eight or nine miles of Lynn, we should still see our old companion at our feet, for the Red Chalk has been recognised at the villages of Ingoldsthorpe and Dersingham.

We shall soon meet it no more. At Leziate, a little to the north-east of Lynn, it becomes extinct. Mr. C. B. Rose, who always thought the Red Chalk would prove to be the equivalent of the gault, and who argued from the evidence of fossils and from the direction of the outcrops that the true gault and the Red Chalk must ultimately meet,—Mr. Rose, I say, has informed me that he has observed the Red Chalk and the gault incorporated together at Leziate. Henceforward to the south the Red Chalk is no more seen.

Thus, then, we have come to the termination of our journey. We have noted the beginning and the ending of the Red Chalk, we have also taken some account of its neighbours. We have noticed, too, that in Yorkshire it for the most part reposes on the Speeton clay, though in certain localities it is next the lias and Kimmeridge clay, and that in Lincolnshire and Norfolk it rests on a dark brown pebbly mass supposed to belong to the lower greensand formation of the south of England.

The Red Chalk has also been discovered in a very unexpected place, although not in sitû. I allude to the drift of Muswell Hill. In that collection of different materials, comprising examples from every formation from the London clay to the mountain limestone in a stratum of eighteen feet, the Red Chalk has been seen in a bouldered condition.

By the kindness of Mr. Wetherell of Highgate, I am enabled to exhibit specimens from the drift of Muswell Hill. Any person who compares them with others from Hunstanton, would declare they came from the same bed, so alike are they in appearance.

There was a time no doubt when this Red Chalk had a more extended range: its presence in the drift of Muswell Hill, as well as in the drift of other places, implies as much. Perhaps it may still exist elsewhere, deep down in the earth.

In a well sunk at Stowmarket a red substance was found under the White Chalk, at a depth of 900 feet; and in another well sunk at Kentish Town, the workmen met, at a depth of 1,113 feet below the surface, beneath the gault, a bed of red matter 188 feet thick—some of this red matter appeared to contain belemnites.

Geologists are divided in opinion with respect to this deep-sunk red bed, which certainly is not always continuous (for instance, it was not found at a boring at Harwich), and some incline to the opinion that it belongs to the New Red, others that it is the equivalent of what is styled the Red Chalk. But it is difficult to give a solution at present. It is certain that in the gault formation, or near it, beds of a red colour are occasionally found. Near Dorking the lower greensand is capped by a local bed of bright red clay, eight feet thick. And examples of red clays from the gault of Ringmer in Sussex and Charing in Kent can be seen in the Museum of the Geological Society of London. Whether they have any relation with the Red Chalk proper of England depends upon the position which is given to that formation.

Geologists generally consider the Red Chalk as really equal to the Gault. Many of the fossils certainly are gault species; others no doubt belong to the Lower Chalk; and, therefore, probably it is better to regard it as an intermediate formation between the Lower Chalk and the Lower Greensand, which comes into being when the Gault and Upper Greensand have almost thinned out.

One of the members of our Committee, Mr. Rickard, has been good enough to make me an analysis of the Red Chalk of Speeton and Hunstanton. The Speeton is as follows:—

Carbonate of lime, with a little alumina

81.2

Peroxide of iron

4.3

Silica

14.5

100.

From Hunstanton—

Carbonate of lime, with a little alumina

82.3

Peroxide of iron

6.4

Silica

11.3

100.

The latter of which agrees remarkably well with the colour of the specimen, for the Red Chalk of Hunstanton is brighter than that of Speeton.

Two specimens of the borings of Kentish Town, one a red argillaceous and the other a siliceous mass, gave the following results:—

Argillaceous—

Peroxide of iron

6.5

Carbonate of lime

13.5

Silica and alumina (chiefly the latter)

80.0

100.

Siliceous—

Peroxide of iron

2.5

Carbonate of lime

23.5

Silica, with a little alumina

74.0

100.

Whether any connexion can be traced between these last two and the two former, I leave for others to decide.

The following list of books may perhaps be useful to those who wish to further investigate the subject:—In

- Professor Phillips' Geology of Yorkshire,

- Young and Bird's Survey of the Yorkshire Coast,

- Dr. Fitton's Memoir of the Strata below the Chalk,

- Taylor's Hunstanton Cliff (Phil. Mag. vol. lxi.),

- Woodward's Geology of Norfolk,

- Rose on the Geology of West Norfolk (Phil. Mag. for the years 1835 and 1836),

will be found some account of the English Red Chalk. And in

- Sedgwick and Murchison on the Structure of the Eastern Alps (Geol. Soc. Trans. vol. iii. Second Series),

- Sir. R. I. Murchison on the Geological Structure of the Alps (Quart. Geol. Journal, vol. v.),

- Prof. T. A. Catullo on the Epiolitic Rocks of the Venetian Alps (Quart. Geol. Journal, vol. vii),

- Count A. de Zigno on the Stratified Formations of the Venetian Alps (Quart. Journal Geol. Soc. vol. vi.),

will be seen an outline of the Scaglia or Red Chalk of Italy.

By the kindness of Dr. Bowerbank, Messrs. Wetherell, Bean, Leckenby, and Rose, in permitting me to see the specimens in their respective cabinets, and to whom, as well as to Mr. Rupert Jones, I must express great obligations for much valuable information, the accompanying list of the Red Chalk fossils of Speeton, Hunstanton, and Muswell Hill has been compiled. To the Council of the Geological Society, I am also indebted for permission to figure from the Society's Museum the Inoceramus Crispii, on pl. i. fig. 4.

LIST OF FOSSILS FROM THE RED CHALK.

Speeton

Hunstanton

Muswell

Hill

Cristellaria rotulata, D'Orb. Pl. II. fig. 8

Sowerby's Min. Conchology, tab. 121, page 45.

(In the collection of Mr. Jones.)

×

Siphonia pyriformis. Pl. II. fig. 2

Goldfuss Petrifacta, tab. 6, fig. 7, page 16.

(In the collection of Mr. Rose.)

This is probably the head of the next.

×

Spongia paradoxica. Pl. II. fig. 1

Geol. Trans. 2, tab. 27, fig. 1, page 377.

(In the collections of Mr. Rose and Author.)

×

Bourgueticrinus rugosus. Pl. III. fig. 5

D'Orbigny's Hist. des Crinoides, tab. 17, fig. 16-19.

(In the collections of Mr. Rose and Author.)

×

Pentacrinites Fittonii

Austin's Crinoids, page 125.

(In the collections of Mr. Rose, Author, and Mr. Wetherell.)

×

×

Cardiaster suborbicularis, Forbes. Pl. II. fig. 3

Gold. tab. 45, fig. 5, page 148.

(In the collections of Mr. Rose and Author.)

Mr. Rose's specimen is far better than the one figured.

×

Cidaris Gaultina (?), Forbes, Dec. v. Pl. III. fig. 7

(In the collection of Mr. Rose.)

×

Spines with 8 ridges, 10 ridges, and 20 ridges

(In the collections of Mr. Rose and Mr. Wetherell.)

×

×

Diadema tumidum, Forbes, Dec. v. Pl. III. fig. 6

(In the collection of Mr. Rose.)

×

Serpula antiquata. Pl. III. fig. 4

Sow. Min. Con. tab. 598, fig. 4, page 202.

(In the collection of Mr. Rose.)

×

Serpula irregularis. Pl. III. fig. 3

(In the collection of Author.)

×

Serpula triserrata. See notice, page 18

(In the collection of Mr. Rose.)

×

Vermicularia umbonata. Pl. III. fig. 2

Mantell's Geol. of Sussex, tab. 18, fig. 24, page 111.

(In the collections of Mr. Rose and Author.)

×

Vermicularia elongata, Bean MS. Pl. III. fig. 1, 1a

(In the collections of Mr. Bean, Dr. Bowerbank, and Author.)

×

Cytherella ovata, Rœmer. Pl. II. fig. 7

Jones, Cretaceous Entomostraca. Pal. Soc. page 29.

(In the collection of Mr. Jones.)

×

Idmonea dilatata

D'Orbigny's Terrains Crétacés, tab. 632.

(In the collection of Mr. Bean.)

×

Diastopora ramosa, Dixon

Geol. Suss. page 295.

(In the collection of Mr. Bean.)

×

Ceriopora spongites

Goldfuss, page 25, tab. 10, fig. 14.

(In the collection of Author.)

×

Terebratula capillata. Pl. IV. fig. 4, 4a, mag. surface

Davidson's Cretaceous Brachiopoda, plate 5, fig. 12, page 46.

(In the collections of Mr. Rose and Author.)

×

Terebratula biplicata. Pl. IV. fig. 1, 1a, mag. surface

David. plate 6, fig. 34.

(In the collections of Dr. Bowerbank, Mr. Rose, and Author.)

×

Terebratula Dutempleana

David. 6, fig. 1.

(In the collection of Mr. Rose.)

×

Terebratula semiglobosa. Pl. IV. fig. 2, 2a, mag. surface

David. plate 8, fig. 17.

(In the collections of Dr. Bowerbank, Mr. Bean, and Author.)

×

×

Kingena lima. Pl. IV. fig. 3, 3a, mag. surface

David. plate 5, fig. 3, page 42.

(In the collections of Mr. Rose and Author.)

×

Avicula, cast of. (In the collection of Mr. Bean.)

×

Exogyra haliotoidea. Pl. II. fig. 10

Sow. M. C. tab. 25, page 67.

(In the collections of Mr. Rose and Author.)

×

Inoceramus Coquandianus. Pl. I. fig. 1

D'Orb. Ter. Crét. tab. 403, fig. 6-8.

(In the collection of Author.)

×

I. Crispii. Pl. I. fig. 4

Mant. G. S. tab. 27, fig. 11, page 133.

(In the collections of Mr. Rose and Geol. Soc.)

×

I. tenuis. Pl. I. fig. 5

Mant. G. S. page 132.

(In the collections of Mr. Rose and Mr. Wetherell.)

×

?

I. gryphæoides

Sow. M. C. tab. 584, fig. 1, page 161.

(In the collection of Mr. Rose.)

×

I. læviusculus, Bean

(In the collection of Mr. Bean.)

×

I. sulcatus

Sow. M. C. tab. 306, page 184.

(In the collection of Mr. Rose.)

×

Ostrea frons. Park. Pl. II. fig. 4

Sow. M. C. tab. 365, page 89.

(In the collection of Mr. Wetherell.)

×

O. vesicularis, Lam. Pl. II. fig. 5

Sow. M. C. tab. 392, page 127.

(In the collection of the Author.)

×

O. Normaniana

D'Orb. tab. 488, fig. 1-3, page 746.

(In the collection of Mr. Rose.)

×

Pecten Beaveri

Sow. M. C. tab. 158, page 131.

(In the collection of Mr. Rose.)

×

Spondylus latus

Sow. M. C. tab. 80, fig. 2, page 184.

(In the collection of Mr. Rose and Author.)

×

×

Ammonites alternatus ?

Woodward, Geol. Norfolk, tab. 6, fig. 23.

×

Ammonites complanatus

Sow. M. C. tab. 567, fig. 1.

(In the collection of Mr. Rose.)

×

A. rostratus

Sow. M. C. tab. 173, page 163.

(In the collection of Mr. Rose.)

×

A. serratus, Parkinson

Sow. M. C. tab. 308, page 3.

(In the collection of Mr. Rose.)

×

Belemnites attenuatus. Pl. IV. fig. 5

Sow. M. C. tab. 598, fig. 2, page 176.

(In the collection of Author.)

×

B. minimus. Pl. IV. fig. 8

Sow. M. C. tab. 598, fig. 1, page 175.

(In the collections of Messrs. Bowerbank, Bean, Rose, Wetherell, and Author.)

×

×

×

Belemnites Listeri. Pl. IV. fig. 6

Phil. Geol. York. tab. 1, fig. 18.

(In the collection of Author.)

×

B. ultimus, D'Orb. Pl. IV. fig. 7

Sharpe, Chalk Moll. tab. 1, fig. 17.

(In the collections of Mr. Bean and Author.)

×

Nautilus simplex. Pl. I. fig. 3

Sow. M. C. tab. 122, page 122.

(In the collections of Mr. Rose, Mr. Wetherell, and Author.)

×

×

Otodus appendiculatus

Ag. vol. iii., page 270, tab. 32.

(In the collection of Mr. Wetherell.)

×

Tooth of Saurian

(In the collection of Mr. Bean.)

×

Vertebra of Polyptychodon (?)

(In the collection of Author.)

×

Siphonia pyriformis is probably the head of Spongia paradoxica. In the cabinet of Mr. Rose is a mass of the latter, to which a head similar to the one figured is attached.

Bourgueticrinus rugosus. The diameter of the specimen figured is 3/4 of an inch, the depth of each plate 3/16. The surface of attachment is covered with very fine mamillæ, in rays of seven in number; a smaller specimen in possession of the author measures 3/8 of an inch in diameter and 1/8 in depth.

The serpula represented in Plate III. fig. 3 varies in its irregular growth from the specimens figured on the same plate. This character perhaps can scarcely be regarded as a specific difference; both V. elongata and the serpula under consideration have the same thickness of the calcareous tube. The former occurs only at Speeton and the latter at Hunstanton; in order to distinguish the two, the title "irregularis" may be applied to the latter as a variety.

Serpula triserrata, a species found on a specimen of Ammonites complanatus, is distinguishable by its three serrate longitudinal ridges. A similar form occurs on ostreæ from the Kimmeridge clay of West Norfolk.

Terebratula semiglobosa is common at Speeton, but very rare at Hunstanton. T. biplicata is very common at Hunstanton, but is not known at Speeton.

Inoceramus læviusculus, Bean, a large smooth species something like I. Cuvieri.

The Ammonites alternatus of Woodward is now lost; it was probably a variety of A. serratus, Park.

Belemnites minimus is sometimes two inches long in the Hunstanton Cliff.

The vertebra of Polyptychodon would be, if perfect, about six inches in diameter and three in thickness.

The small specimen shown in Plate II. fig. 9 evidently belongs to the Turbinolian family of corals, and possibly to the genus Trochocyathus instituted by Messrs. Milne-Edwards and J. Haime, in 1848. The specimens as yet obtained are not sufficiently numerous nor perfect for a rigid comparison with other forms, or to admit of a sufficiently detailed description should the species prove to be new. The constricted form of growth is very common in the Parasmilia of the Upper Chalk, and has no specific value.

The characteristic fossils of the Red Chalk at Speeton are Terebratula semiglobosa, Belemnites minimus, and Vermicularia elongata; and at Hunstanton, Terebratula biplicata, Belemnites minimus, and Spongia paradoxica.

In conclusion, I have endeavoured all along to confine myself to facts, and to abstain from theories, because I think the Geologists' Association ought rather to follow in the steps of learned men than to wish to take the lead. I am sure by doing so we shall gain respect. If the strictly scientific workers see we wish to acquire information, rather than to purchase an empty name, they will hold out the right hand of fellowship and help us mightily; whilst, on the contrary, if they perceive we aspire too much, and attempt to grasp what we cannot hold, then well-merited ridicule will undoubtedly be ours. The Geologists' Association was only formed to bring amateurs together, to give them a place to meet in, and a room where they could speak on kindred subjects. I trust the members will always use the opportunity, and not be afraid to speak, ever remembering that each one has some little knowledge which his neighbour has not, and that when each helps his fellow, much must be the gain at last.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON THE RED CHALK OF ENGLAND ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

- • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

- • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

- • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

- • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

back

back

back

back

back

Table of Contents

ON THE RED CHALK OF ENGLAND.

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate I.

Plate II.

Plate III.

Plate IV.

ON THE RED CHALK OF ENGLAND A Paper read 4th April, by Rev. Thomas Wiltshire, M.A., F.G.S., Etc., President.

LIST OF FOSSILS FROM THE RED CHALK.

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE